地裂缝成灾机理及防御对策

地裂缝是一种自然因素和人为因素共同作用下的地质现象,近30年来,在我国大华北地区极为发育,给人民的生命财产和城市规划建设构成了极大威胁,因此根据多年来的研究,总结出了地裂缝的成灾机理,并提出相应的防御对策。     

昭通头寨沟特大型灾害性滑坡研究

昭通头寨沟滑坡具有启程剧动、行程高速、来势凶猛、破坏严重和灾害面广的特点。该滑坡是一个剧动式高速特大型岩质滑坡。本文分析了滑坡的成因和滑动的机制,根据滑坡运动后的残留痕迹和堆积地貌特征,认为头寨沟滑坡的运动方式和路径独具特点。通过对滑后斜坡稳定性的评价,说明滑坡部分残体仍有活动迹象,据此提出了滑坡的防治措施。     

Urban Atmospheric Chemistry During the PUMA Campaign 1: Comparison of Modelled OH and HO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Concentrations with Measurements

Photochemical box modelling was undertaken to investigate OH and HO₂ radical chemistry during summer and winter field campaigns in the urban city-centre of Birmingham in the UK. The model employed the most recent version of the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.1) and was constrained to 15-minute average measurements of long-lived species determined in situ at the site. The model was used to predict OH and HO₂ concentrations for comparison with measurements made by the fluorescence assay by gas expansion technique. Whilst there was generally good agreement between the modelled and measured OH concentrations, particularly during summer, there was sometimes a significant model under-prediction during daylight hours, which significantly skews the overall model: measured agreement. There were less measured data available for HO₂, but the agreement between model and measurement for the days where measurements existed were less good than for OH, with one or two exceptions. The modelled:measured ratios between the hours of 11:00–15:00 h for OH were 0.58 and 0.50 for summer and winter respectively. For HO₂, the same ratios were 0.56 in the summer and 0.49 in the winter. Sensitivity studies were conducted to attempt to understand the model-measurement discrepancy. The predicted radical concentrations were particularly sensitive to changes in NO_X concentrations. Constraining the model to the observed HO₂ concentrations made the OH predictions worse. These results highlight the fact that there are many complexities in urban areas and that more highly-instrumented campaigns are required in the future to further our understanding.     

Using environmental isotopes in the study of the recharge-discharge mechanisms of the Yarmouk catchment area in Jordan

The recharge sources, the flow mechanisms and discharge areas of the different groundwater bodies underlying the Yarmouk River catchment area in Jordan, have, until now, not been adequately explained, although a wide range of hydrological, hydrogeological, and hydrochemical studies have been done. Along the Jordanian part of the catchment area of the Yarmouk River, groundwater issues from different aquifers with a variety of chemistries and types within the same aquifer and in between the different aquifers. Conventional recharge/discharge mechanisms, water balances and chemical analyses did not adequately explain the chemical variations and the different water types found in the area. Applying environmental isotopic tools combined with their altitude effects due to topographic variations (250–1,300 m a.s.l. within a distance of 20 km), and taking into consideration re-evaporation effects on the isotopic depletion and enrichment of rainwater, has greatly helped in understanding the recharge discharge mechanisms of the different aquifers. Precipitation along the highlands of an average of 600 mm/year is found to be depleted in its isotopic content of O¹⁸ = –7.0 to –7.26 and D = –32.2 to –33.28, whereas that of the Jordan Valley of 350 mm/year is highly enriched in isotopes with O¹⁸ = –4.06 and D = –14.5. The groundwater recharged along the highlands is depleted in isotopes (O¹⁸ = ~ –6, D = ~ –30), groundwater at the intermediate elevations is enriched (O¹⁸ = ~ –5, D = ~ –23) and that of the Jordan Valley aquifers containing meteoric water is highly enriched (O¹⁸ ~ –3.8, D = ~ –18). The deep aquifers in the Jordan Valley foothills are depleted in isotopes (O¹⁸ –18 = –6, D = –30) and resemble those of the highland aquifers. Only through using isotopes as a tool, were the sources of the different groundwater bodies and recharge and discharge mechanisms unambiguously explained. It was found that recharge takes place all over the study area and produces groundwater, which, from the highlands towards the Jordan Valley, shows increasing enrichment in isotopes. The highlands aquifer, with its groundwater depleted in isotopes, becomes confined towards the Jordan Valley; and, due to its confining pressure, leaks water upwards into the overlying aquifers causing their water to become less enriched in isotopes. Water depleted in its isotopic composition also seeps upward to the ground surface at the mountain foothills through faults and fissures.

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Resumen Las fuentes de recarga, los mecanismos de flujo y las áreas de descarga de los diferentes cuerpos de agua subterránea que subyacen el área de la cuenca del Río Yarmouk en Jordania, se han explicado de manera no ambigua únicamente mediante la aplicación de los isótopos como herramienta. A lo largo de la parte Jordana del área de la cuenca del Río Yarmouk el agua subterránea emerge de diferentes acuíferos con una variedad de tipos y composiciones, ya sea que provengan del mismo acuífero o de diferentes acuíferos. Los mecanismos convencionales de recarga/descarga, balances hídricos y variaciones químicas no han podido explicar las variaciones químicas y los diferentes tipos de aguas. La aplicación de herramientas de isótopos ambientales combinadas con los efectos de altitud derivados de variaciones topográficas (250 hasta 1,300 m s.n.m. en una distancia de 20 km) y tomando en consideración los efectos de re-evaporación en el empobrecimiento de isótopos y enriquecimiento del agua de lluvia han ayudado fuertemente en el entendimiento de los mecanismos de recarga/descarga de los diferentes acuíferos. La precipitación en el área varía de 600 mm/año, a lo largo de las tierras altas, a 350 mm/año en el área del Valle Jordán. El flujo de agua subterránea ocurre de las tierras altas hacia el Valle Jordán. El agua subterránea de las tierras altas está empobrecida en isótopos (O¹⁸ =~ –6, D =~ –30), el agua subterránea de elevaciones intermedias está enriquecida (O¹⁸ =~ –5, D =~ –23), y el agua de los acuíferos del Valle Jordan contiene agua meteórica que se encuentra altamente enriquecida (O¹⁸ =~ –3.8, D =~ –18). Los acuíferos profundos que se localizan al pie de las tierras altas del Valle Jordán están empobrecidos en isótopos (O¹⁸ =~ –6, D =~ –30) y son similares a los acuíferos de las tierras altas. Solo al aplicar los isótopos ambientales como herramienta pudo explicarse de manera inequívoca las fuentes de los diferentes cuerpos de agua subterránea y los mecanismos de recarga y descarga.

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Résumé Les zones de recharge, les mécanismes découlement et les zones de décharges des différentes masses deau souterraine sous le bassin versant de la rivière Yarmouk en Jordanie, étaient expliquées de manière ambiguë par les seuls outils isotopiques. Le long de la parti Jordanienne du bassin versant de la rivière Yarmouk leau souterraine provient de différents aquifères et se distinguent par leur type et leur composition chimique, selon que leau provient du même ou des différents aquifères. Les mécanismes conventionnels de recharge et de décharge, bilan hydrologique ne donnaient pas dexplications satisfaisantes concernant les variations chimiques et les différents types deau. En appliquant les isotopes environnementaux combinés aux effets de laltitude sur les variations des teneurs isotopiques (laltitude varie de 250 à 1,300 m sur une distance de 20 km.) et en prenant en considération les effets de ré-évaporation sur lappauvrissement et lenrichissement isotopique des eaux pluviales ont fortement contribués à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères. Les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 600 mm dans les zones en altitude et 350 mm dans la vallée de la Jordanie. Les écoulements de leau souterraine sont dirigés des zones en altitude vers la vallée de la Jordanie. Les eaux souterraines des zones en altitude sont isotopiquement appauvries (O¹⁸ = ~ –6, D = ~ –30), les eaux souterraines des zones de moyenne altitude sont enrichies (O¹⁸ = ~ –5, D = ~ –23) et les eaux de la vallée très enrichies (O¹⁸ ~ –3.8, D = ~ –18). Les aquifers profonds dans la vallée de la Jordanie sont appauvris (O¹⁸ –18 = –6, D = –30) et se confondent avec les eaux des zones situées en altitude. En appliquant uniquement les isotopes environnementaux comme des outils de compréhension des phénomènes hydrogéologiques, la source des différentes masses deau souterraines, les mécanismes de la recharge et de la décharge pourraient être expliqués de manière ambiguë.

     

一次层积云发展过程对黑潮延伸体海洋锋强迫的响应研究——观测与机制分析

由于缺乏海上现场观测,对天气尺度扰动下,海表面温度锋 (海洋锋) 对海洋大气边界层 (MABL) 垂直结构和MABL内海洋性低云 (marine stratus) 的影响研究较少。2014年4月12日,中国海洋大学东方红2号科学考察船在黑潮延伸体海区的海洋锋附近捕捉到一次层积云的迅速发展。在比较稳定的天气形势下,由暖水侧向北穿越海洋锋时,云底和云顶高度升高,云区范围迅速扩大。本文利用多种大气-海洋联合观测数据,结合卫星观测和再分析资料,对此次层积云迅速发展的机理进行了综合分析。结果表明,在海上低压后部西北风控制下,在海洋锋的暖水侧 (下风方) 形成热通量大值中心和低压槽,有助于高空西风动量下传,进而又使得海气界面热通量增加,这种正反馈效应为MABL内混合层厚度加大和云底/顶高度在海洋锋的下风方升高提供有利背景条件。4月12日09:00~12:00(协调世界时),来自日本本州岛陆地的低空暖平流到达该热通量中心上空,暖平流与热通量中心的共同作用,导致该时段近海面暖中心强度异常增加,MABL中静力不稳定层加深和低压槽发展,综合作用的结果使得混合层厚度明显加深,云底高度升高,云区迅速发展。本研究有助于理解在复杂大气背景扰动下MABL对海洋强迫的响应机理。     

凝析油形成新模式─—原油蒸发分馏机制研究

经典的石油生成理论认为凝析油是源岩高成熟阶段、或是陆相有机质于低成熟阶段的直接产物。本文在资料、数据分析的基础上结合我国塔北海相油田的实际地质地化资料提出原油蒸发分馏机制是凝析油形成的一种重要途径，并确认了塔北油田的诸多原油曾遭受了程度不一的蒸发分馏作用且有成熟度正常的凝析油形成。     

美国北加州吉塞尔斯诱发地震与热汽田特征的关系

吉塞尔斯地震活动可能是因蒸汽开发引起的.水在一个承受很高构造剪应力和应变的大范围破裂体中汽化为蒸汽。 汽田地震震源机制解与区域构造应变场几乎一致,并且在该区域范围内汽田地震与别的构造地震不易区分。观测中注意到地震活动与注液历史无关,这表明孔隙水压力增高与注液不可能是吉塞尔斯诱发地震的成因。 相反,所有证据都表明诱发地震与孔隙水压力及温度降低有关。形成机制有两种最大可能:其一,是裂隙排水(汽)导致局部剪应力增加所致,其二,是由稳定滑动转化为不稳定滑动(粘滑)。没有其它记载的诱发地震机制与吉塞尔斯汽田条件相符。     

大亚湾海域低营养盐维持高生产力的机制探讨Ⅰ

利用2000年4月大亚湾海域的现场调查数据，分析水体中各种形态氮的含量，分布、转化及其影响因素，探讨大亚湾海域低营养盐维持高生产力的原因，调查结果表明：大亚湾海域水体仍属贫氮海区，氮，磷比约为12：1，生产力水平依然受氮控制；大亚湾海域氮以溶解态的形式居多，占总氮的74．8％，颗粒态占25．2％，而溶解态中又以有机氮居多，占总氮的62．1％，孵化实验表明：（1）充氧条件下氨氮向硝氮转化，缺氧条件下硝氮向氨氮转化；（2）水体中溶解有机氮在有氧条件下可以降解转化为无机氮，这意味着占绝对优势的溶解有机氮降解转化为无机氮可能是大亚湾海域低营养盐维持高生产力的主要原因之一。     

高压-超高压变质岩外来40Ar成因探讨

高压—超高压变质带是地球上重要的地质单元,特殊的形成环境使该类变质岩的矿物中常因含有外来⁴⁰Ar而⁴⁰Ar／³⁹Ar年龄偏老,制约了⁴⁰Ar／³⁹Ar年代学在此类岩石中的应用。本文探讨了氩在不同相中的溶解度与分配系数的差异,并着重论述了扩散参数与压力的关系及压力对岩体封闭性的影响,系统总结了高压-超高压变质矿物中外来⁴⁰Ar的形成机制。此外,随Fe/Mg、Si/Al、K等组分不同,氩在矿物中保存能力的某种规律性变化、离子孔隙度研究等也从理论上为研究氩的扩散和封闭行为提供了新的视角。在高压—超高压变质过程中多种因素共同作用,氩在这类矿物中的扩散更为复杂。对外来⁴⁰Ar形成机制的探讨对揭示高压—超高压变质结晶环境、岩体开放与否、不同矿物对氩保存能力等有重要的指示意义。     

断陷湖盆超压封存箱形成机理与油气成藏机制——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为例

东营凹陷的超压分布于沙河街组三段中-下亚段大套泥岩和沙四段灰色膏盐岩段中,常压—低压系统发育于上部层段,包括沙二段上亚段、东营组、馆陶组、明化镇组和更新统,形成二元结构。这些发育程度不同的超压体系可以构成不同级别的超压封存箱系统,控制着油气的运移和聚集。超压封存箱的形成是一个地球化学自组织过程,与系统内的流体对流运动及成岩作用密切相关。超压体系构成了准封闭的超压封存箱型自源油气成藏动力学系统,同时也可以通过幕式排放为浅层的新近系及古近系的沙三段上亚段至东营组常压开放性它源油气成藏动力学系统提供油源及成藏动力。超压不但是油气运聚的主要动力,而且在其产生与演化的过程中能形成微裂缝型油气运聚隐蔽输导体系,是形成岩性等隐蔽油气藏的重要条件。超压和断裂形成陆相断陷湖盆断—压双控流体流动机制。断裂是超压体系卸压的重要渠道,也是幕式排放的主要途径;与断裂沟通的砂岩体及构造背斜等是有利的勘探目标,超压泥岩体周围的透镜状砂体是隐蔽油气藏的潜在目标。