土氡测量在广从断裂探测中的初步应用

在广从断裂带共布置5条氡气测量剖面,利用FD-3017RaA和CDI-2000两种氡探测仪快速测定其浓度,得到土氡含量曲线图和等值线图,并分析氡异常曲线的特征,得到如下结论:广从断裂上土壤氡具有明显的峰值异常特征,通过异常峰值位置能很好地圈定断裂或隐伏断裂的位置和断裂带的宽度;利用峰值异常的几何形态能很好地判断断层的倾...     

Measuring the internal velocity of debris flows using impact pressure detecting in the flume experiment

Measuring the internal velocity of debris flows is very important for debris flow dynamics research and designing debris flow control works. However, there is no appropriate method for measuring the internal velocity because of the destructive power of debris flow process. In this paper, we address this problem by using the relationship between velocity and kinetic pressure, as described by surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure data. Kinetic pressure is the difference of impact pressure and static pressure. The former is detected by force sensors installed in the flow direction at the sampling section. Observations show that static pressure can be computed using the formula for static water pressure by simply substituting water density for debris flow density. We describe the relationship between surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure using data from seven laboratory flume experiments. It is consistent with the relationship for single phase flow, which is the measurement principle of the Pitot tube.     

Temporal and spatial variations of runoff and rainwash erosion on an agricultural field

This paper investigates the spatial and temporal variations of runoff, erosion and rate of sediment transport on an agricultural field submitted to natural rainfalls. The site, located in the Eastern Townships (Québec, Canada), is a corn field (10000 m²) where sheetwash erosion is active. Water (Q) and sediment (Qs) discharges were measured from June to October at eight locations on the field and for ten rainfall events. Analysis of the data was carried out on an aggregate data set and on the distributed measurements in time and space. The results showed that changes in vegetation, soil compaction and crusting are critical in determining temporal variations of runoff and erosion. Until August, the increase in soil compaction reduced infiltration capacity and depression storage and generated greater runoff for a given rainfall intensity (I). Sediment transport decreased as particle detachment is less likely to occur when vegetation breaks the drop impact and the soil surface is sealed. Later in the season, we observed an increase in sediment concentration associated with the presence of burrowing insects and harvest activity, providing loose sediments to the broken down surface. Intercepts and slopes of the relationship between Q and Qs also vary during the period of measurement. High sediment availability over the soil surface in June and October gives high intercept values. The slope of the relationship is more stable but difficult to estimate for extreme events (high values of I or low Q values) where the number of sampled points are small. During a rainfall, the response of the field is dominated by the topography and drainage area. The largest amount of runoff and erosion occurred on straight and steep slopes with small drainage areas, and on converging gentle slopes with large drainage areas. Although aggregate runoff and erosion values are decreasing with drainage area, parameters of the Qs-Q relationship for different locations on the field are not statistically different. These results bear important consequences for models of sheetwash erosion on agricultural fields.     

Research on Humidity Measurement Error of Radiosonde and Its Influence on Cloud Recognition

Sounding observation of humidity is an important means of obtaining the atmospheric humidity data. The measurement results of humidity and accuracy of cloud recognition based on that are directly affected by the performance of the radiosonde humidity sensor. In order to better understand the accuracy of the current measurement of the radiosonde at home and abroad, a large number of research results are reviewed. The types of radiosonde and the performance of its humidity sensor are briefly introduced. Moreover, the influence of humidity measurement error on cloud recognition is also discussed. The results show that the error sources of radiosonde humidity measurement are various and it’s a comprehensive result of many factors. In general, accuracy of humidity measurement is more reliable in the low troposphere with high temperature and so with the cloud identification by the humidity. However, the response time is longer and sensitivity of humidity sensor is lower at low temperature, which results in the accuracy of cloud bottom recognition being higher than that of cloud top while the medium and high cloud recognized by radiosonde being less than the reality. Moreover, under high-humidity conditions, the humidity sensors are easily wetted, which leads to the abnormally high value of humidity and resulting in thicker cloud. Furthermore, the radiosonde generally has low humidity anomalies, especially when the synoptic station with high humidity, resulting in missing report of cloud.     

Investigation of natural rock joint roughness

The paper provides a comprehensive review on rock joint roughness measurement and quantification procedures. Superiority of fractal based methods over JRC, statistical parameters and statistical functions in quantifying roughness is discussed in the paper. Two of the best fractal based methodologies available in the literature, the modified 2-D divider and variogram methods, are used to quantify natural rock joint roughness in 3-D and 2-D, respectively. The capability of these two methods in accurate quantification of natural rock joint roughness is shown in the paper by applying the procedures to four natural rock joints. A good comparison has been obtained from the values obtained through the two methods. Both these methodologies have two parameters to capture the stationary roughness. The fractal dimension captures the spatial auto correlation of roughness; the other parameter captures the amplitude of roughness. Anisotropic roughness has been studied by applying two other methodologies: (a) a triangular plate methodology and (b) a light source methodology to the same four natural rock joints. A reasonably good comparison has been obtained through the results of these two methodologies. All four roughness quantification methodologies can be applied to any size of sample covering from laboratory to field scales. The results of the triangular plate and light source methodologies provided possible sliding direction values (under the gravitational loading) close to that reported in the literature for the rough discontinuity planes used in the study.     

利用数字图像相关方法实现高速相机序列影像运动目标的快速跟踪

以数字图像相关方法为核心设计了一套应用于高速相机序列影像运动目标的跟踪方案,该方案首先在基准窗口周围以局域搜索方法获取目标点的整像素位移值,然后联合使用梯度算法和最小二乘算法估计目标点的亚像素位移值,从而获得目标点的像素坐标,实现对目标点的自动跟踪。本文应用该技术方案处理了构筑物振动台实验的高速相机视频测量影像数据,与商用软件PhotoModeler Scanner 相比,跟踪结果具有同等精度,在计算速度上有优势。     

兰州地磁台GPS差分方位角的测量

为了适应高采样率、高分辨率、高精度的新型地磁仪器对磁偏角和磁倾角观测的需要,应用GPS测定了改造后的兰州地磁台的7个观测墩（一个临时观测墩）至2个方位标志的方位角,共取得了13个方位角参数,使兰州地磁台在地磁偏角测量或仪器验收比测中可供6套仪器同时观测,并可做到全天候观测。     

长白山地区现今地应力测量结果与应力状态分析

本文通过在长白山地区不同地点进行原地测量获得了现今地应力实测值的大小和方向.为了研究长白山地区现今地应力状态,结合长白山火山监测工程的需要,我们在长白山地区进行了现场地应力测量,首次取得了该区的地应力实测数据.测量方法采用水压致裂法,测点分别布置在安图县永庆乡东清村和松江镇冰湖屯村,抚松县仙人桥镇大青川村等三个不同的构造部位,测量深度为40~95m.测量结果表明:本区现今最大水平主应力方向在天池北部以NW—NNW向为主,而在天池西部则为近EW向为主;最大水平主应力值一般为2.31~12.39 MPa,最小水平主应力值一般为1.39~7.02 MPa.与其他地区相比较,本区属中等偏高应力区.本文对研究区现今应力状态进行了初步分析,本区现今地应力状态主要受区域构造影响,同时受天池岩浆活动和地热田的影响,具有复杂性.     

剪切波速测量中地面木板敲击方法和悬挂式井中测试方法的结果比较

地面木板敲击方法和悬挂式井中测试方法是工程中常用的两种剪切波速测量方法。在长期的工作中发现,对于类似的场地,不同的方法所得到的测试结果有时存在一定的差异。为此,选择了山西地区5个场地条件不同的比较典型的地震钻孔,分别采用两种方法对同一钻孔进行测试,并对结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,在钻孔地层为土和砂且钻孔质量较好的情况下,两种方法所测数据相差不大,一般相差在10%以内。钻孔质量较差,局部有轻微塌孔、缩径的情况时,采用悬挂式测井方法误差较大。对于含有卵石地层的钻孔以及需要测量基岩面以下的地层剪切波速的钻孔,则应采用悬挂式井中测试方法。     

对比法测量气象能见度的理论分析

本文从能见度定义出发,提出了一种新型的能见度测量方法——对比法。对比测量法就是以自然水平天空为背景,人工设定一个亮度可调的目标物,用同一测量系统分别测量目标物亮度与天空背景亮度的差异,当该差值小于某设定阈值时,就认为该目标物的视亮度与天空背景亮度相同,根据目标物的实际亮度值就可以计算出大气透过率,进而计算气象能见度。采用检测目标物亮度与天空背景亮度对比确定气象光学距离方法的优点在于：理论上采用能见度定义,满足目标物刚好“可见”条件,实际使用中只需要人工目标物设计成亮度多级重复循环变化,对于接收端仅需要测量亮度差是否达到预先设定值进行判断。只要人工目标物有足够的亮度重复精度,就能保证测量结果的准确性,而检测器实质上是一个差分检测放大系统,这种差分电路对于共模信号都有较好的抑制能力,并且不需要测量绝对光强度,可以降低技术工艺方面要求。本文从理论推导人手,根据实际情况进行了必要的简化,得出对比法的计算公式,最后根据实际天空背景亮度变化情况给出了人工目标物亮度的变化范围。