曲流河扇相模式及应用

分支河流体系的讨论有助于促进各类冲积体系的分类学研究,并可促进源—汇体系分析的定量化。博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈（Okavango）曲流河扇是分支河流体系的典型代表,具有独特的沉积学、水文学和地貌学特征,主要特点如下：①河道形态属于单线曲流河道向下游分叉型,顺流方向产生弯度不一的分支河道网络,从顶点向下游方向,河道呈放射状,由河谷内的限制性河道变为盆地内的非限制性河道;②顺斜坡向下,河道分叉作用增强,河道的尺度和规模减小,受物源控制,无论是曲流河道还是低弯度河道,皆为砂质载荷,河道宽度、水体深度和沉积物粒度虽有系统变化但不显著,且在极低的坡度控制下,随着流量的减少,河道由曲流河逐渐变为低弯度河,河道形态转化的主要影响因素是坡度、流量、沉积物粒级和河岸强度;③根据湿地和河道分布特征,可将扇体划分为补给河谷、近源扇、中部扇和远端扇4个亚环境：补给河谷以单线曲流带和不同规模的迂回坝发育为特征,近源扇主要为泥炭限制的分支河道和河间沼泽沉积,中部扇主要为曲流河和低弯度河沉积,沼泽减少,漫滩增加,远端扇为宽浅型的非限定性河道,以沙岛林地之间的漫滩沉积为主;④沉积物主要为未固结的石英砂,主要来源于卡拉哈里盆地近代风成沉积,砂质纯净,分选和磨圆俱佳,缺乏细粒杂基,粒间细粒组分主要为生物成因的硅藻、植硅石和有机物质,亦见有方解石和二氧化硅胶结物。  对现代曲流河扇体系进行调查的重要目的就是研究地下类似沉积体系的分布。通过对我国大型含油气盆地相关“内陆三角洲”沉积特征和沉积规律的重新认识,可为油气资源的勘探开发提供预测模式。鄂尔多斯盆地山西组沉积时期,沉积作用受盆地北缘物源控制,来自北部物源的碎屑物质在宽阔的湿地平原上发育了多套分支河流沉积体系,主要为曲流河扇沉积体系。顺着沉积斜坡向下,河道的尺度和规模减小,沉积物粒度变细,煤层和暗色泥岩厚度变小,缺乏明显的三角洲前缘沉积环境及稳定的前三角洲深水相。沉积组合主要表现为分支河道砂岩、漫岸细粒沉积与湿地泥岩及薄煤层的互层,为大气田的形成奠定了沉积基础。     

南海珠江口盆地恩平凹陷北带串沟河道沉积特征及其岩性圈闭发育潜力

串沟河道是河流体系发育演变中的重要沉积单元,但目前对其沉积特征和沉积过程的系统报道较少。文章综合利用岩矿、测井和三维地震资料,在南海珠江口盆地恩平凹陷北带韩江组六段识别出了典型的串沟河道沉积。在地震剖面上,串沟河道呈相互孤立分布的中—强振幅反射,平面属性图和分频RGB融合切片显示其在平面上总体较为平直,具有北东窄南西宽的特征,且头部向北东侧逐渐尖灭。钻井显示,串沟河道岩性以含砾粗砂岩为主。通过与已有模式和现代实例的对比,发现恩平北带串沟河道发育的独特之处是其位于富泥的泛滥平原背景中,而不是富砂的坝体之上,且主要发育在低位体系域内。基于对沉积过程的综合分析,提出研究区内串沟河道主要遵循上游扩展的发育演变模式：低位期辫状主河道水体间歇性淹没河道间的先存泛滥平原区,触发串沟河道自下游低洼处的溯源侵蚀且逐渐向上游扩展。串沟河道砂体自身物性好且易于被后期海侵泥岩覆盖,具备良好的侧封、顶封条件,将可能成为盆地重要的岩性圈闭类型。文章的相关结论可为珠江口盆地岩性圈闭勘探提供新的思路。     

新型水氡仪质量检测及台站比测实验研究

针对目前地震水氡模拟观测操作繁琐、干扰因素多等现状,引入新型水氡观测仪进行检测并与FD-125测氡仪开展对比试验研究。两款水氡观测仪在地震监测氡观测仪检测平台标准氡室校准,并依托九江地震台相同水样和环境下开展对比测量表明,在静置时间为1 h前提下,新型水氡观测仪重复性、相对误差、相对固有误差、固有本底符合技术要求,与FD-125测氡仪对比测量数据的一致性较好,但灵敏度指标有待提升。该仪器整体设计基本满足地震模拟水氡测量发展需求,可减少人工操作带来的测量误差,提升测量效率和数据质量。     

靖边油田梁镇区域延9曲流河储层构型单元划分

对于已经进入注水开发中后期的油藏,开展储层构型研究是精细化油藏描述、深化剩余油分布认识的必要举措。本文以靖边油田梁镇区域延9曲流河储层为研究对象,结合岩芯、测井等资料,通过密井网解剖,识别不同级次的构型界面并分级次细分构型单元。本研究在梁镇区域主力油层延9^2-1单层内部划分出了3—5级构型界面;延9^2-1小层同期单河道之间以孤立式、对接式为主,不同期次河道垂向上以叠加式、切叠式为主,该小层整体上呈侧向拼接-垂向切叠式复合河道结构形式;在单河道内部识别出3个单一点坝,同时,在点坝内部识别出3个侧积层,4个侧积体构型单元。本次储层构型单元划分研究可以为下一步储层构型定量解剖及剩余油挖潜提供地质依据。     

Temporal evolution of scour at bridge abutments in compound channels

Bridge abutment-induced sediment scour in compound river channels is time-sensitive during floods, and, thus, estimating the scour rate has significance in design. In the current study, large-scale laboratory experiments were done to examine the influence of multiple factors on scour evolution, including channel geometry, bed mobility (clear-water or live-bed), and lateral (embankment intrusion) and vertical (deck submergence) flow contractions. A new method is applied for scour measurement and determination of characteristic scour trends. Results show that the non-dimensional time scale is related to flow intensity and may peak before reaching the clear-water scour threshold; the corresponding equations also are derived. It is found that the use of scour countermeasures has a significant impact on the scour rate, and the existing equations for unprotected abutments have limitations. Under clear-water conditions, the scour rate is closely related to the overall flow contraction, which can be better reflected by the ratio of the approaching unit discharge to that at the bridge section. Specifically, the effect of vertical flow contraction on scour rate is more dominant than other factors. Two scour rate curves are derived to suit different structural and flow contraction types for clear-water scour. In contrast, the live-bed scour rate data are generally consistent and fall in a narrow band, showing less dependence on other factors. Finally, a new design approach is established to estimate the time scale and scour rate using the new equations proposed in this paper.     

Temporal variations of sediment and morphological characteristics at a large confluence accounting for the effects of floodplain submergence

The large confluence between the Yangtze River and the outflow channel of Poyang Lake is receiving attention due to its importance in flood control and ecological protection in the Yangtze River basin. There is a large floodplain along the outflow channel of Poyang Lake, which is submerged during high flow and dry during low flow. The effects of the submergence of this floodplain on sediment and morphological characteristics at this large confluence have not been known. Hence, a field investigation was done in March 2019 (relatively high flow, Survey 3) to complement the previous field studies done in August (high flow, Survey 1) and December 2018 (low flow, Survey 2) to identify the temporal variations of sediment and morphological characteristics considering the submergence of this large floodplain. The predominant sediment transport modes were wash load for Poyang Lake and confluence particles and mixed bedload/suspended load for the Yangtze River particles. The sediment transport processes were largely affected by both the secondary flows and the water density contrast between the tributaries with a lock-exchange sediment rich, denser flow moving across the inclined mixing interface in Surveys 1 and 2. The sediment flux across the mixing interface was weakened in Survey 3 when the density contrast was very small. The stagnation zone near the confluence apex had a low sediment concentration and played a role in preventing the sediment flux exchange between the two flows, and its size, and, thus, its importance as a barrier to sediment mixing were related to the submergence of the floodplain. The bed morphology with the local scour holes at the confluence was largely affected by the large-size helical cells, and this kind of effect was weakened as the secondary flows got restricted in Survey 3. The current results expand the database and knowledge on the sediment transport and morphological features of large river confluences.     

The influence of lateral topographic confinement on fluvial channel‐belt clustering,compensation and connectivity – lower Wasatch Formation and Dakota Sandstone,Utah, USA

Fluvial channel‐belt clustering has recently been documented using quantitative metrics for systems dominated by autogenic controls. It has long been recognized that allogenic forcing (tectonic and eustatic controls) can lead to confinement of fluvial systems, resulting in clustering of channel belts. To date, no study has quantitatively documented the differences in channel‐belt clustering, compensational stacking of channel belts and interchannel‐belt connectivity in unconfined and confined systems. This study quantitatively compares world‐class outcrops of an unconfined fluvial system (Palaeocene lower Wasatch Formation) with outcrops of a confined fluvial system (Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone). Two new methods have been developed to quantitatively document channel‐belt clustering and intrachannel‐belt connectivity. These new methods, and other previously developed methods, are used to document an increase in channel‐belt clustering and intrachannel‐belt connectivity downdip in both systems. Additionally, it was found that channel belts within the unconfined system stack more compensationally than those in the confined system. These new methods and empirical relationships can be used for predicting intrachannel‐belt connectivity, and accurately modelling unconfined and confined fluvial systems in the subsurface.     

青藏高原刻痕与地壳分层构造

本文针对青藏高原的科学问题,讨论多尺度刻痕分析结果的地质和大地构造含义。区域重力场小波多尺度刻痕分析方法可应用于刻画地壳分层的三维密度结构和构造变形带,取得的反映上、中和下地壳结构的3套图件,为研究地壳构造和物质运动提供了有深度标定的定量的约束。方法应用到青藏高原后,研究结果表明上地壳结晶基底的图件与地表观察的地质构造吻合图件,而得出的中、下地壳图件提供了地表观察难以准确辨识的大量信息。例如,青藏高原内密度较高的地体包括喜马拉雅地体、克什米尔地体、察隅河地体、柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体。柴达木地体、巴颜喀拉地体和羌塘地体是青藏高原中有壳根的核,而密度最高的克什米尔和察隅河地体在大陆碰撞时不易碎裂,对东西两个构造结的形成起了关键作用。青藏高原地壳大尺度强烈的低密度扰动反映了下地壳流的源区或者侧向挤出管道流,下地壳流可分为垂向管道流和侧向管道流两种。反映地壳变形带的脊形化参数图标明了现今地壳不同深度构造的位置,这些包括古地体拼合缝合带、古俯冲变形带、走滑剪切变形带等。结合边界刻痕参数图,可以绘制出中、下地壳构造图。     

近期黄河下游游荡段滩岸崩退过程及特点

小浪底水库运行后,黄河下游游荡段河床冲刷剧烈,滩岸崩退过程较为显著。估算典型断面的滩岸崩退过程,不仅有助于全面掌握该河段的河床演变规律,同时也能为河道整治及规划等提供相关参数。以1999—2013年游荡段典型断面(水文断面及淤积断面)汛后实测地形资料为基础,确定了这些断面平滩河宽的调整过程,发现多年平均崩退速率最大达215 m/a;分析了影响滩岸崩退过程的不同因素,发现滩岸土体组成及力学特性、滩槽高差等因素虽对崩退过程有一定影响,但来水来沙条件是主要影响因素;分别建立了游荡段水文断面及淤积断面滩岸累计崩退宽度与前期5年平均汛期水流冲刷强度之间的经验关系,相关系数都在0.85以上。公式计算值与实测值吻合较好,可用来估算游荡段典型断面滩岸的崩退过程。     

近50年长江口南、北港及附近分汊型河槽的演变

依据1958-2006近50年海图资料,在GIS技术平台下,对海图进行数字化处理,建立不同时期水深数据库,对比计算不同时期河槽容积的变化,探讨近50年来流域来水来沙减少背景下长江口南、北港分汊型河槽容积变化及演变趋势。结果表明:(1)近50年来南、北港冲淤变化趋势一致,整体上略有淤积之势,局部性波动明显;复式河槽的出现与南支主泓摆动、涨落潮流路分异关系密切,是长江口多级分汊格局形成的缩影。(2)南、北槽河槽演变在20世纪80-90年代呈现此消彼长特征,经过南岸边滩淤积,南槽主泓偏移,水流深切边滩,巩固沙体4个过程形成江亚南沙,长江口二级分流节点处地貌演变复杂,总体可归纳为上游沙体下移,沙体合并,水道消亡。(3)近期河槽演变受人工设施影响显著,来水来沙减少使河槽延伸减缓,南北槽分水分沙条件逐渐改变。