A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH TO MODELING 3D SEDIMENT-LADEN TURBULENT FLOWS

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One-station estimates of seismic moments from the mantle magnitudeM m: The case of the regional field (1.5°≤Δ≤15°)

We extend to the regional field of distances the procedure of one-station estimation of seismic moments using the mantle magnitudeM _m, as introduced earlier in the case of teleseismic events. A theoretical analysis of the validity of the asymptotic expansion of normal modes in terms of surface waves, which was used in the development ofM _m, upholds the validity of the algorithm for distances as short as 1.5°. This is confirmed by the analysis of a dataset of 149 GEOSCOPE records obtained at distances ranging from 1.5 to 15°, from earthquakes with moments between 10²⁴ and 2.5×10²⁷ dyn-cm. The performance ofM _m as measured in terms of average residual with respect to published values ofM ₀, and standard deviation of the residuals, is not degraded in this distance range, with respect to the teleseismic case. This indicates that the mantle magnitudeM _mcan be reliably used at regional distances, notably for tsunami warning applications.     

地壳岩石与矿物的流变性研究综述

地壳岩石与矿物的流变性主要受温度的控制，其次是受其成分的控制。在深部地壳高温环境下，岩石和矿物的流变性较强，应变相对均匀分布。在浅部地壳中，它们的粘滞性及各自间的粘滞性比显著增强，而流变性减弱，应变逐渐集中于适合流变和变形的岩石与矿物。流变性的这种变化导致了露头各种构造形迹的变化，如皱、布丁和剪切带等，以及各种显微构造特征的变化（如：变形矿物、压力影和膝折等）。岩石与矿物的这种物性概念在地质学中的运用，实质是将构造变形样式的形成机理分析趋于定量化和综合研究。     

祁连山蛇绿岩型超镁铁岩铬铁矿床成矿的主要特征

祁连山造山带目前已发现不同规模的超镁铁岩体（群）1000余个,产有铬铁矿床（点）和矿化点80余处,这些岩体及其矿产主要产在北祁连优地斜增生地体边部的海沟带中,少数产在祁连中间地块的边部。岩体成因类型为蛇绿岩组合中的超镁铁质单元,铬铁矿的富集部位是地幔橄榄岩和堆积杂岩带底部的纯橄榄岩。岩石多为铝过饱和系列,岩体的平均化学成分接近于斜辉橄榄岩;Cr₂0₃的平均含量大于0.40％,Al₂0₃的平均含量近于或者大于1％。铬尖晶石的化学参数特征反映出低铁富镁的介质对形成富铬尖晶石是有利的。富铬岩体中Cr、Co、Ti、V的含量较高。     

Reflection and transmission ofSH waves in an initially stressed medium consisting of a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid

Biot's theory is employed to study the reflection and transmission ofSH waves in a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid half-space. The entire medium is considered under constant initial stress. Effects of sandiness, initial stress, anelasticity and viscosity of the interstitial fluid on the partitioning of energy are studied. In the presence of initial stress the incident wave starts attenuating when incider beyond a certain angle (depending upon the amount of initial stress), even if the medium is perfectly clastic. Anelasticity of the solid layer results in the dissipation of energy during transmission. The direction of attenuation vector of incident wave affects the dissipation energy to a large extent. Effect on partitioning of energy reverse at incidence after the critical angle. A complete account of energy returmed back to the underlying half-space and that which is dissipated in the overlying layer has been discussed analytically as well as numerically.     

Flow Characteristics of Large-Scale Liquefaction-Slip of the Loess Strata in Shibei Tableland, Guyuan City, Induced by the 1920 Haiyuan M8 1/2 Earthquake

Based on the dynamic triaxial liquefaction test of the loess samples which are taken from Shibei tableland, Guyuan City, Ningxia, China, the characteristics of dynamic strain, dynamic stress and pore water pressure are studied under cyclic loading. Triaxial shear test is conducted immediately after the sample reaches liquefaction point. During the test, the property of the liquefied soil is analyzed through fluid mechanics method, whereby the fluidity of the liquefied soil is represented by apparent viscosity.The results show that the fluidity of liquefied loess changes from "shear thickening" to "shear thinning" as the shear force continues, and the fluidity of liquefied loess is closely related to its structure. In addition, in the process of forming a new stable state, the apparent viscosity and deviant stress change with axial strain in a similar approach. When the sample reaches its stable state, it meanwhile shows a relatively stable apparent viscosity. According to the fluid mechanics and the law of conservation of energy, the slip distance of the liquefied soil is estimated, and the results are in good agreement with the field investigation results.     

黑龙江镜泊湖地区全新世玄武岩的地球化学特征及其深部过程探讨

镜泊湖地区全新世玄武岩分布在镜泊湖西北方向的“火山口森林”地区和蛤蟆塘地区。这两个地区相距只有１５ｋｍ,但其玄武质岩石在岩石学上具有明显的区别,前者为碱性橄榄玄武岩,后者为白榴石碱玄岩,并且具有钛角闪石、金云母和歪长石巨晶,而前者则没有这些巨晶。对它们的地球化学特征研究表明,两个地区的玄武夺石虽然均属于偏钠质的碱性玄武岩,但是白榴石碱玄岩相对于碱性橄榄玄武岩总体上具有高的Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２     

吉林伊通-大屯地区晚中生代-新生代玄武岩的地球化学特征及其意义

吉林伊通-大屯地区有长达80Ma的火山喷发历史,为探讨该区深部地质演化提供了条件。从晚白垩长春大屯火山(92．5±0．5Ma)到伊舒地堑内第三纪伊通火山群(31Ma、9～15Ma),玄武岩碱性逐渐增强,Dy/Yb比值逐渐升高,根据地幔动态熔融模型计算获得的玄武岩最终形成深度由约50km变深至110km。根据岩石圈盖效应推测该区晚白垩纪以来岩石圈厚度逐渐增厚。伊通第三纪碱性玄武岩显示了均一的地球化学组成;类似洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的微量元素分配模式和Nb/U比值,以及低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、正ε_(Nd)(t)同位素特征暗示它主要来源于软流圈。与第三纪碱性玄武岩相比,晚白垩大屯拉斑玄武岩具有相对偏高的Ni、Cr和Sc,高Ba/Th、Rb/Nb、Ba/Nb比值,高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和低(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i。这些特征可能与软流圈熔体与古老富集地幔之间的相互反应有关。伊通-大屯玄武岩的演化特征反映了岩石圈在板内岩浆作用中所担当的不同角色:第三纪时,岩石圈并没有在物质上直接参与岩浆作用,但岩石圈对上涌软流圈起到了机械阻挡作用;而在晚白垩岩浆作用中,岩石圈的间接和直接作用都得到了体现。     

内蒙古温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔蛇绿岩的元素与同位素地球化学：对古亚洲洋东部地幔域特征的限制

内蒙古中部发育的三条蛇绿岩带是华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间的缝合带。本文系统研究了其中的温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔两个蛇绿岩带中变质玄武岩的元素和 Sr、Nd、Pb 同位素地球化学。苏右旗温都尔庙碱性玄武岩为轻稀土富集型;岩石具有板内和大陆裂谷区玄武岩的特征,可能代表了600Ma 左右,温都尔庙地区开始发育的新洋盆。采自苏左旗的巴彦敖包-交其尔玄武岩分为两类,一类呈现轻稀土富集型,呈洋岛玄武岩特征;另一类具有明显的 Nb、Ta 负异常,显示大洋岛弧玄武岩特征,洋岛玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋曾经发育洋盆,大洋岛弧玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋内部有大洋岩石圈之间的俯冲。将本文的古亚洲洋洋岛玄武岩与中国西南地区的特提斯洋岛玄武岩进行系统的元素和同位素地球化学特征对比表明,古亚洲洋的洋岛玄武岩显示高 U/Pb(HU)和北大西洋和太平洋省的特征,而特提斯洋岛玄武岩属于印度洋省。这些说明古亚洲洋地幔域与特提斯地幔域是两个独立的构造域,它们代表了长期演化的两个不同的地幔地球化学域。