Biogeochemical controls of arsenic occurrence and mobility in the Indian Sundarban mangrove ecosystem

This study aims to investigate the control of arsenic distribution by biogeochemical processes in the Indian Sundarban mangrove ecosystem and the importance of this ecosystem as an arsenic source for surrounding coastal water. The As(V)/As(III) ratio was found to be significantly lower in both surface and pore waters compared to sea water, which could be attributed to biogeochemical interconversion of these arsenic forms. The biological uptake of arsenic due to primary and benthic production occurs during the post-monsoon season, and is followed by the release of arsenic during the biochemical degradation and dissolution of plankton in the pre-monsoon season. These results suggest that arsenic is immobilized during incorporation into the arsenic-bearing initial phase, and unlikely to be released into pore water until the complete microbial degradation of arsenic-bearing organic compounds.     

Evaluation of solid residues removed from a mangrove swamp in the São Vicente Estuary, SP, Brazil

Mangrove swamps are found in estuaries along the coastal plains of tropical regions and have be subjected to heavy occupation and use pressure due to their privileged locations and abundance of biological resources. The present work evaluated the ecological characteristics and solid wastes accumulated in eight areas along the Santos - São Vicente Estuary Complex. The superficially deposited residues at each sampling site were collected and subsequently washed, drained, counted, weighed and separated into classes according to their composition and predominant use. The predominant litter type in terms of density was plastic (62.81%) and, by weight, wood (55.53%). The greatest deposition of residues was associated with areas that were less inclined and that had low plant density levels, indicating that the presence of obstacles was not critical for retaining floating residues in mangrove areas. The presence of the most frequently encountered types of solid waste residues could be explained by local activities.     

Chlorophyll-deficient propagules of Avicennia marina and apparent longer term deterioration of mangrove fitness in oil-polluted sediments

A correlation between petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments and chlorophyll-deficient mutations in mangroves may occur also in Australian mangroves. Earlier reports of such mutations in the Caribbean area were evident in viviparous propagules of the common mangrove genera, Rhizophora, borne on otherwise normal trees. These mutant propagules were termed albinos' since they lacked chlorophyll and normal green coloration, leaving them white, yellow or red. The mutation was considered lethal since newly established albino seedlings appeared unable to survive more than a few months. Our preliminary investigation of mangroves in SE Queensland found a similar mutation in another common mangrove genus, Avicennia, and this was apparently also correlated with oil concentrations in sediments. Although, more evidence is required, an apparently similar relationship shows that whatever caused the mutations may act commonly across a diverse range of plant types in quite separate locations. How widespread might this mutation be in mangroves? How many genera and species are affected? Are all occurrences correlated with oil in sediments? Does oil cause the mutation? We discuss these important questions and the potentially serious implications to coastal management where high mutant densities may be indicative of longer term genetic deterioration of mangrove habitat in oil-polluted wetland environments.     

鱼藤对红树林植物的危害及管理

广西北海市合浦县党江镇南流江入海口红树林遭受鱼藤危害。鱼藤通过攀援覆盖,蔓延成灾,导致连片红树林植物枯死,从而破坏了红树林生态系统。鱼藤是红树林常见攀援类伴生物种,在全球变化背景下,局部地区鱼藤已变成了危害红树林湿地的"植物杀手",急需采取措施保护受危害的红树林湿地。     

人为干扰对滨海红树林湿地的影响

红树林是热带和亚热带的重要滨海湿地类型,在维护海岸生态平衡方面有独特的作用。国内外学者对人为干扰红树林湿地进行了广泛研究,这些人为干扰可分为6个类型,包括具有显性影响的土地利用转化、城市化及工业化、木材及薪材过度利用和具有隐性影响的污染物排放、林内挖捕、林内禽畜放养。具有显性影响的干扰类型较容易得到重视与研究,具有隐性影响的干扰类型往往被忽视,而这些隐性影响也严重地危害红树林湿地的健康。针对这些人为干扰,提出了保护滨海红树林湿地的有效管理措施。     

Interstitial water and hydrochemistry of a mangrove forest and adjoining water system, south west coast of India

 Eh, pH, salinity, total alkalinity, dissolved O₂, NO₂ ^–, PO₄ ^–3, SiO₂ and NH₄ ⁺ of waters from a mangrove forest, an estuary and a creek connecting the mangrove forest and the estuary have been measured. Further, the chemistry of interstitial waters of surficial and core sediments from the mangrove forest have been analyzed for the above parameters, except dissolved oxygen. To understand the flux of nutrients from the mangrove forest to the adjoining estuary, creek waters were monitored during tidal phases. PO₄ ^–3, SiO₂ and NH₄ ⁺ were found to be at elevated levels in mangrove waters whereas NO₂ ^– shows no variation compared to the estuary. Dissolved O₂ is low in mangrove waters. PO₄ ^–3, NH₄ ⁺ and SiO₂ are several times higher in interstitial waters than in overlying waters. Several fold enrichment of PO₄ ^–3, NH₄ ⁺ and, to some extent, SiO₂ were measured in creek waters during ebbing relative to flooding, indicating that mangroves act as a perennial source for the above nutrients. Received: 26 May 1998 · Accepted: 21 July 1998     

红树林混合发酵产氢菌群中梭菌属Fe-氢酶基因(hydA)的克隆及序列分析

采用间歇产气试验方法对红树林淤泥中的混合菌群进行产氢菌群富集,并对混合产氢菌群发酵产氢过程中发酵液的pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)的变化进行分析.此外,在产氢速率最高时段,发酵液中菌群经过常规的基因组提取,分别采用通用的梭菌属Fe-氢酶基因和16S rRNA基因引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析.结果发现产氢菌群中至少有6种,而Fe-氢酶基因只含有一种.将Fe-氢酶基因的扩增片段切胶纯化之后,经PCR重新扩增、纯化,克隆测序.NCBI序列比对结果表明,该片段序列与产气荚膜梭菌Fe-氢酶基因的序列相似性达99%.根据已知产气英膜梭菌Fe-氢酶基因序列设计引物,经两轮PCR扩增获得Fe-氢酶基因全序列.混合菌群中Fe-氢酶基因GenBank数据库的登录号为EU590683.此外,采用Bioedit和Mega2软件构建了Fe-氢酶的NJ系统进化树,结果表明该Fe-氢酶基因与产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)聚为一类.推测的氨基酸序列与产气英膜梭菌的相应序列相似性达97%-99%.PfamHMM结构域查找结果发现,此氢酶含有五个结构域,分别为1个2Fe-2S铁硫簇结合区域、2个4Fe-4S结合区域、Fe-氢酶大亚基和Fe-氢酶小亚基.     

香港米埔自然保护区保护与管理经验及启示

随着深圳市城市发展步伐的不断加快,福田红树林自然保护区受到水体污染、人为干扰、病虫害及外来物种等各方面影响,导致其生态系统出现不同程度的退化。通过赴香港米埔自然保护区考察与学习,分析了香港米埔自然保护区精细化管理、生态系统日趋稳定及教育宣传等经验,提出了深圳福田乃至全国红树林自然保护区保护与管理对策和建议。     

河口红树林湿地CH4通量的日变化研究

甲烷(CH₄)是大气中除CO₂外最为丰富的含碳组分,其浓度以每年0.7%-1.1%的速率递增[1,2].尽管大气CH₄含量仅为CO₂的二百分之一,但却对预计的全球变暖约有20%的贡献率,而CO₂的贡献率约为50%[3,4],由这些数据推算得一个分子的CH₄比一个分子的CO₂(目前最重要的温室气体)的增暖潜值高约80倍.很多研究者对全球大气CH₄的预算结果均表明,湿地是大气CH₄最重要的生物源[5,6],约占全球CH₄源的40%～50%[7].湿地CH₄通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH₄排放量(如平均年排放量和季节排放量)的基础,因而具有相当的重要性.     

Modeling projected changes of mangrove biomass in different climatic scenarios in the Sunda Banda Seascapes

ABSTRACT

Mangroves are critical in the ecological, economic and social development of coastal rural and urban communities. However, they are under threat by climate change and anthropogenic activities. The Sunda Banda Seascape (SBS), Indonesia, is among the world’s richest regions of mangrove biomass and biodiversity. To inform current and future management strategies, it is critical to provide estimates of how mangroves will respond to climate change in this region. Therefore, this paper utilized spatial analysis with model-based climatic indicators (temperature and precipitation) and mangrove distribution maps to estimate a benchmark for the mangrove biomass of the SBS in six scenarios, namely the Last Inter-glacial Period, the current scenario (1950–2000) and all four projected Representative Concentration Pathways in 2070 due to climate change. Despite mangroves gaining more biomass with climate change (the increase in CO₂ concentration), this paper highlighted the great proportion of below-ground biomass in mangrove forests. It also showed that the changes in spatial distribution of mangrove biomass became more variable in the context of climate change. As mangroves have been proposed as an essential component of climate change strategies, this study can serve as a baseline for future studies and resource management strategies.