地球内部应变与应力固体潮

本文详细介绍了地球内部应变和应力固体潮的计算理论,基于PREM地球模型计算了地球内部的Love数,并计算了地球内部的应力和应变的6个独立分量在不同深度和纬度处的时间变化序列.结果表明:应力潮汐的振幅达到10³Pa,应变潮汐振幅达到10^-8;不管应力或是应变潮汐,其振幅随深度的不同都有较大的变化;6个应力和应变分量对纬度依赖较大,但没有表现出南北纬度上的严格的对称性,与纬度的对应关系由引潮位展开的大地系数确定.本文结果可有效应用于地球内部应变或应力潮汐观测的固体潮改正;另外,将本文结果应用于研究潮汐触发地震问题,给出了中国中部地区的一个算例,结果表明地震断层正应力潮汐和应力张量第一不变量潮汐与发震时刻具有明显的相关性,而这种相关性并未在其他如剪切应力以及库伦破坏应力潮汐中表现出来.     

Vortex evolution due to straining: a mechanism for dominance of strong,interior anticyclones

In this article we address two questions: Why do freely evolving vortices weaken on average, even when the viscosity is very small? Why, in the fluid's interior, away from vertical boundaries and under the influence of Earth's rotation and stable density stratification, do anticyclonic vortices become dominant over cyclonic ones when the Rossby number and deformation radius are finite? The context for answering these questions is a rotating, conservative, Shallow-water model with Asymmetric and Gradient-wind Balance approximations. The controlling mechanisms are vortex weakening under straining deformation (with a weakening that is substantially greater for strong cyclones than strong anticyclones) followed by a partially compensating vortex strengthening during a relaxation phase dominated by Vortex Rossby Waves (VRWs) and their eddy–mean interaction with the vortex. The outcome is a net, strain-induced vortex weakening that is greater for cyclones than anticyclones when the deformation radius is not large compared to the vortex radius and the Rossby number is not small. Furthermore, when the exterior strain flow is sustained, the vortex changes also are sustained: for small Rossby number (i.e., the quasigeostrophic limit, QG), vortices continue to weaken at a relatively modest rate, but for larger Rossby number, cyclones weaken strongly and anticyclones actually strengthen systematically when the deformation radius is comparable to the vortex radius. The sustained vortex changes are associated with strain-induced VRWs on the periphery of the mean vortex. It therefore seems likely that, in a complex flow with many vortices, anticyclonic dominance develops over a sequence of transient mutual straining events due to the greater robustness of anticyclones (and occasionally their net strengthening).     

张渤带洞体应变参数解算及结果分析

采用张渤带2002年以来的洞体应变观测资料,首先利用Venedikov调和分析方法计算带内各个台站洞体应变测项的潮汐因子和相位滞后,并以潮汐因子的稳定性对观测资料进行了质量评价.其后,以怀来台伸缩仪为例讨论了3分量和2分量观测解算平面应变参数的模型及其适用性,结果表明二者的相关系数在0.9以上.在此基础上,选取张渤带上资料较稳定的16个洞体应变台站资料进行了应变参数时间序列计算,并对华北M5.0地震前应变参数同步变化现象进行了总结.最后对比了洞体应变与GPS应变的差异,并分析了可能的原因.     

库车坳陷克拉苏构造带分层收缩构造变形及其主控因素

库车坳陷中段克拉苏构造带广泛发育盐相关收缩构造变形,总体具有"垂向叠置、分层变形"的整体挤压变形特征。沿东-西向克拉苏构造带不同区段深浅层构造变形样式、断层位移存在明显差异,北部盐下层由1～2条高角度基底卷入逆冲断层为主导,并在断层下盘发育捷径断层。区域结构平衡剖面和先存构造活动趋势分析结果表明,克拉苏构造带北侧变形属于基底卷入变形,早期先存断裂在后期收缩变形中重新活动,形成高角度的逆冲断裂。物理和数值砂箱模拟结果表明,盐岩层先于其上、下地层发生变形,其厚度、分布及边界条件差异是造成垂向分层收缩变形的主要控制因素。     

医巫闾山变质核杂岩南段韧性变形与流变特征

医巫闾山变质核杂岩南段张家堡地区出露两套花岗质岩石:太古代花岗质片麻岩,含有黑云斜长片麻岩包体,以及晚期侵位钾长花岗片麻岩与花岗岩脉。详细宏微观构造分析发现,花岗质岩石遭受了两期变形事件:晚侏罗世高温韧性剪切和早白垩世低温韧性剪切变形。早期韧性变形温度约550~600℃,高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相,此次韧性变形以单剪作用为主,岩石为L=S和LS构造岩,具有右行剪切特征。晚期韧性变形温度约400~450℃,绿片岩相,变形以纯剪切为主的一般剪切,岩石以L=S构造岩为主,具有左行剪切特征。利用动态重结晶及亚颗粒粒径估算岩石流变学参数,结果表明高温剪切带具有较低差异应力,较高应变速率,低温剪切带恰好相反。早期晚侏罗世韧性伸展变形与伊泽那崎板块和法拉隆板块NNW向俯冲共同作用于欧亚大陆东缘相关,进入早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块向欧亚大陆俯冲深部板块后撤(Roll-back),导致华北岩石圈发生大规模减薄,医巫闾山地区发生晚期低温韧性伸展变形。     

Magnetic fabric and modeled strain distribution in the head of a nested granite diapir,the Melechov pluton,Bohemian Massif

The Melechov pluton, Bohemian Massif, is interpreted as a mid-crustal nested granitic diapir with an apical part exposed at the present-day erosion level. The diapir head exhibits a concentric structure defined by lithologic zoning and by the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). In concert with theoretical models, outward-dipping margin-parallel magnetic foliations are associated with oblate shapes of the susceptibility ellipsoids and higher degree of anisotropy, passing inward into weaker triaxial to prolate fabric. By contrast, magnetic fabric in an inner granite unit is in places oriented at a high angle to internal contacts and is interpreted as recording an internal diapir circulation. We use inverse modeling to calculate strain variations across the diapir from the AMS data. The magnetic fabric parameters and calculated strains are in agreement with strain distribution in heads of model Newtonian diapirs traveling a distance of two body radii and suggest granitic magma ascent as a crystal-poor suspension followed by crystallization of fabric markers and their response to strain near the final emplacement level. The intrusive fabric thus formed late but, though generally weak, was still capable of recording incremental strain gradient in the granite diapir.     

Image-based correlation of Laser Scanning point cloud time series for landslide monitoring

Very high resolution monitoring of landslide kinematics is an important aspect for a physical understanding of the failure mechanisms and for quantifying the associated hazard. In the last decade, the potential of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) to monitor slow-moving landslides has been largely demonstrated but accurate processing methods are still needed to extract useful information available in point cloud time series. This work presents an approach to measure the 3D deformation and displacement patterns from repeated TLS surveys. The method is based on the simplification of a 3D matching problem in a 2D matching problem by using a 2D statistical normalized cross-correlation function. The computed displacement amplitudes are compared to displacements (1) calculated with the classical approach of Iterative Closest Point and (2) measured from repeated dGPS observations. The performance of the method is tested on a 3 years dataset acquired at the Super-Sauze landslide (South French Alps). The observed landslide displacements are heterogeneous in time and space. Within the landslide, sub-areas presenting different deformation patterns (extension, compression) are detected by a strain analysis. It is demonstrated that pore water pressure changes within the landslide is the main controlling factor of the kinematics.     

现行公路规范收缩应变、徐变系数与“桥梁博士”软件的比较

"桥梁博士"软件是国内桥梁设计者广泛应用的结构计算软件,为确定"桥梁博士"计算收缩应变和徐变系数的准确性,按《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTGD62-2004)计算了收缩应变和徐变系数,并与"桥梁博士"计算的收缩应变和徐变系数进行了比较,分析了两者误差,提出了使用建议。     

不同饲料蛋白水平下L-肉碱对新吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

研究了三个蛋白水平(22%、25%、28%)和五个L-肉碱水平(0、200、400、600、800mg/kg)下尼罗罗非鱼生长和饲料利用率。结果表明,随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高,罗非鱼幼鱼的终体重、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)呈上升趋势,而饲料系数(FCR)和蛋白质效率(PER)均随饲料蛋白水平的升高而显著下降(P<0.05);同等蛋白水平下,终体重、WGR和SGR均在L-肉碱添加量为200mg/kg时最高,不添加L-肉碱组最小;在添加400mg/kgL-肉碱时FCR最小,而PER最大,与不添加L-肉碱组比较,差异均显著(P<0.05)。说明饲料中蛋白含量和L-肉碱添加量能显著影响罗非鱼幼鱼的生长和饲料利用,而外源性L-肉碱可明显促进罗非鱼生长,提高饲料转化效率。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔钻孔崩落与现场应力状态的确定

中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔在1200m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象,我们在1200m至2015m的范围内采集了82个钻孔成像测井图象资料。对钻孔崩落长轴方位进行了方向统计,结果表明近似对称的崩落平均方位为324.8°±3.3°,对应的平均最大水平主应力方位为54.8°±3.3°。利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度)以及岩石力学实验确定的岩石内聚力和摩擦系数,计算了1269m、1500m、2000m等16个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小。根据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力。三个主应力的大小和方向反映出主钻孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态,与地震震源机制解得到的走滑应力场一致。