Modeling of strain dependency of shear modulus and damping of clayey sand

A series of cyclic triaxial tests on clayey sands was carried out and attempts were made to evaluate the strain dependency of shear modulus and damping. Strain dependencies of shear modulus and damping were simply modeled. It was shown that the change in the effective confining stress with loading cycles in the undrained shear test needed to be considered particularly in the large strain range. The consideration could be made by normalizing G with G′₀=AF(e)(σ′_m/σ_mr)ⁿ, the initial shear modulus for the effective confining stress of that particular loading cycle, instead of using G₀. G/G′₀ was expressed by a function of γ as G/G′₀=1/(1+b_gγ) which was almost stress level independent for clayey sands used in this study. The damping ratio was not much affected by the confining stress. The strain dependency of the damping ratio was modeled by h=a_hγ/(1+b_hγ). Effects of load irregularity on the shear modulus were also investigated. The excess pore pressure and the residual strain were generated especially when the major peaks in the irregular loading were applied to the specimen. However, G/G′₀ for the irregular loading could be represented reasonably well by the average curve for the uniform cyclic loading, if the excess pore water pressure and the residual strain were taken into account.     

1998年1月10日张北-尚义6.2级地震前昌平地震台应变资料的异常变化分析

分析了昌平地震台体应变、线应变及差应变等观测资料在１９９８ 年１ 月１０日张北尚义６ ．２ 级地震前的异常变化．结果表明：该次地震前昌平台的应变观测资料出现了明显的趋势异常;体应变的异常时间与震级有较好的相关性;差应变资料显示了短临异常;由线应变资料计算的主应变方向在地震前逐渐向震中偏转; Ｍ２ 波潮汐因子也出现了明显的异常变化     

GPS测量所揭示的西秦岭北缘断裂带现今活动特征

西秦岭北缘断裂带是甘肃省东南部重点地震监视区内一条主要活动断裂带。为了研究该断裂的现今活动特征,在断裂两侧布设了ＧＰＳ监测网,从１９９６～１９９８年完成了３期观测。测量结果表明,断裂北、南两侧存在明显的差异运动,南侧向东运动的速率比北侧大３．８ｍｍ／ａ。在ＧＰＳ网中,缩短的这基本上为东西方向,伸长的边基本上为北西－南东方向。本区的主压应力方向为近东西向。断裂带的东部（武山附近）左旋特征明显。测量结     

用相关斜率法初步分析乌鲁木齐04井水位异常特征

地下流体尤其是地壳深部的地下水 ,当它们形成具有一定封闭条件的承压系统时 ,能灵敏地反映地壳的应力应变状态 ,这种深部承压系统近似一“天然应变仪”,从这个角度出发 ,研究地下水的动态变化与地壳应力应变的关系 ,利用相关斜率分析法 ,探讨相关斜率 K值时空演变序列与地震间的关系 ,得出相关斜率具有较好的映震能力 ,且有短期预报效应     

Review Paper: A semi‐empirical model of strain sensitivity for 4D seismic interpretation

We reformulate the original model of Hatchell and Bourne and Røste, Stovas and Landrø that couples fractional velocity change to subsurface strain via a fundamental constant R. The new model combines elastic compressibility of a dual‐porosity system for a sand–shale mixture with horizontal planes of inter‐granular weakness. The majority of observed R‐factor magnitudes from post‐stack 4D seismic data in both the reservoir and overburden can thus be explained. R is predicted to depend strongly on lithology and also initial strain state. The model is also extended to predict the observed angle‐dependence of time‐lapse time‐shifts from pre‐stack data. An expression for the gradient of time‐shift with incidence angle is obtained in terms of the background V_P/V_S, and also the ratio of tangential to normal compliances B_T/B_N representing loss or creation of inter‐granular coupling. If accurately estimated from data, this compliance ratio can be used as an additional parameter to assess the post‐production state of the overburden. It is concluded that whilst R remains the over‐arching parameter controlling the magnitude of time‐shifts measured from 4D seismic data, B_T/B_N is a subtler parameter that may also prove of future value.     

基于GPS的精河M_S6.6地震前地壳变形动态特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,获得精河6.6级地震前震中附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率,并结合区域构造背景分析该区域变形动态特征。结果表明:震前震中附近区域速度场速率逐渐增大,发震断裂两盘构造运动速率不均,震中附近区域GPS测点的速率和运动方向存在差异,反应了地壳应变能量积累。震中区域主压应变率变化反映出应力调整过程,沿断层走向的张压转换的形变高梯度带、最大剪应变梯度带可为地震预测提供参考。     

布格重力异常建模反演在二连盆地油气勘探中的应用

二连盆地由众多小凹陷组成,伊和凹陷是其中之一.重力资料在盆地"探边摸底"、"定凹选带"等方面发挥着重要作用.本文基于布格重力异常资料,利用2.5D建模反演技术对其中横跨主洼槽的两条测线进行可视化建模及正演拟合.其中,初始模型的几何参数取自二维地震解释结果;物性参数中的纵向密度取自测井声波波速与密度的相关公式.正演拟合为建模反演技术的关键环节,密度横向变化,是在拟合过程中通过人机交互试错调整实现.通过正演拟合,揭示了主洼槽沉积层横向和纵向均存在较大的密度不均匀性,主洼槽有利于油气生成.与地震解释结果对比,二者在赛汉组-第四纪、腾格尔组深度相差不大,但凹陷底部拟合结果与地震解释结果有明显差异.通过钻井结果验证,正演拟合各沉积层深度与钻井揭示的各层深度结果一致,二维地震解释结果偏浅,其可能原因是时深转换选取的速度值偏小造成.     

Distribution of ductile deformation around the Main Central Thrust zone at the frontal part of nappe in southeastern Nepal Himalaya

A geological survey and morphological analysis of quartz grains were performed to investigate the distribution of ductile deformation caused by the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (MCT) around Dhankuta, southeastern Nepal. The MCT was mapped as the lithological boundary between the gneiss of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) as the hanging wall and the inverted metamorphic sequence of the Lesser Himalayan Sediments (LHS) as the footwall. The MCT was found to truncate various stratigraphic levels of LHS and cuts a map‐scale gentle fold developed in the LHS. Ductile deformation was quantified by fractal dimension between size and perimeter of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains in bedded metaquartzite intercalated in both HHC and LHS. Serrate and polygonal shapes of quartz indicate large and small strain rates, respectively, when the temperature during ductile deformation was assumed to be uniform. A peak of strain rate was found at the lithological boundary with the peak width of ca. 500 m. Such a thin shear zone is favorable for producing frictional heat to promote the inverted metamorphism in LHS.     

2021年3月19日那曲M6.1地震震源区应力应变特征及其动力学意义

2021年3月19日在西藏那曲发生M6.1地震,震源区应力应变环境与应力演化对于理解该地震的孕育背景与发震机制具有重要的意义.地震发生后,快速收集震中周边的实测应力数据、震源机制解和GPS观测数据,开展区域构造应力场反演与应变率场解算.基于历史强震位错模型,利用PSGRN/PSCMP程序计算周边历史强震引起的M6.1地...     

巴颜喀拉块体东北缘GPS应变率空间分布特征及其与2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震的关系

巴颜喀拉块体东北缘是构造变形和地震活动较强的区域, 2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震就发生在该区域内。 利用多尺度球面小波方法解算GPS应变率场, 分析巴颜喀拉块体东北缘2009年至2017年的应变率场分布特征, 该方法的优点是可以将GPS应变率场按照不同的空间尺度进行小波分解, 给出不同空间尺度的应变率场。 结果表明在2017年九寨沟地震之前, 震中附近应变积累显著, 虎牙断裂北延断裂的左旋走滑速率为3.0 mm/a, 拉张速率为3.1 mm/a, 表明该条断裂以左旋走滑为主兼有拉张特征, 与九寨沟地震的震源机制解一致。 除九寨沟震中附近外, 在岷县与漳县交界处、 理县和汶川、 青川等地区主应变率、 面应变率、 最大剪应变率也较大, 这可能与2013岷县漳县(M_S6.6)、 2008年汶川(M_S8.0)、 2014年理县(M_S4.8)以及2014青川县(M_S4.8)地震有关。