从地温场特征探讨兰州断陷盆地地热资源前景

根据祁连造山带东段地温梯度、大地热流场、温泉和地热异常孔空间分布 ,以华家岭—武山近SN向隐伏深断裂为界 ,东边地温场高、温泉多 ,为隆起断裂型中低温地热田 ,其西地温场低于东部 ,地热异常孔为沉降盆地型地热异常指示 ,可为地热田开发提供信息特征。并对兰州断陷盆地的地热资源前景和开发前期工程进行探讨。     

四川汶川地震断裂带科学钻探2号孔（WFSD-2）岩性特征和断裂带的结构

以WFSD-2钻孔岩心为研究对象,通过详细的岩心编录和岩石学、构造地质学等研究,识别出该钻孔岩心具有6段岩性,从上向下依次为彭灌杂岩（0-599.31m）、三叠系须家河组二段（599.31-1211.49m）、彭灌杂岩（1211.49-1679.51m）、三叠系须家河组三段（1679.51-1715.48m）、彭灌杂岩（1715.48-2081.47m）、三叠系须家河组四段（2081.47-2283.56m）。彭灌杂岩主要以花岗岩和火山岩为主,三叠系须家河组沉积岩以砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、页岩、煤层（线）和砾岩为主。3套彭灌杂岩与三叠系须家河组沉积岩重复出现,时代较老的岩性段逆冲覆盖在新的地层之上,表明龙门山构造带由一系列逆冲岩片叠置而成。岩心中断裂岩较为发育,主要为断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥,反映出脆性变形作用的特点。通过对断裂岩的统计分析,厘定了20余条产状不同、规模不等的次级断裂带,断裂带宽度和断裂密度峰值显示FZ600、FZ720、FZ782、FZ817、FZ922、FZ951、FZ1449、FZ1681、FZ2082为主要断裂带,其中FZ1681系规模最大的一条断裂。依据断裂岩的组合特征可以将岩心中断裂带的结构以断层泥为核部划分为两大类：对称型断裂带和不对称型断裂带。根据地表破裂带、WFSD-1钻孔岩心中主滑移带位置的几何关系、岩性分层等因素,可推断汶川地震主滑移带应位于FZ1134、FZ1449或FZ1681之中,同时也暗示该地区经常发生类似汶川地震的大地震活动。研究表明,龙门山地区经历了强烈的构造缩短和快速隆升作用,暗示龙门山地区构造活动非常强烈。     

西秦岭断裂构造系统基本特征及其对地质灾害的控制 作用

通过对青藏高原东北缘西秦岭地区断裂构造系统的特征及与滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害关系的分析研究,探讨了断裂构造系统对滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的形成和分布的控制作用。认为虽然滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害是内外动力地质作用复杂的联合作用的结果,但断裂构造系统及其活动性对滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害形成具有关键性的作用,这种作用方式有直接和间接之分。西秦岭地区典型的滑坡、泥石流等的形成大多与断裂构造及其活动密切相关,主要表现在:(1)断裂构造发育的区域一般是滑坡、泥石流高发区;(2)断裂带活动为滑坡和泥石流的发生提供了物源和结构条件;(3)断裂的地震活动是诱发滑坡的关键因素;(4)断裂带的长期活动形成的构造破碎带和地形高差易于为流水的侵蚀而形成泥石流沟和陡坡地形。因此在对滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害研究中,不应孤立的认识单个滑坡、泥石流的形成与发展,而应把其放在区域地质环境演化中去认识,尤其是把区域断层格架、断层带结构和断层活动性研究作为地质灾害形成与发展的关键影响因素深入研究,从而为科学认识崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的形成过程、制定科学的灾害的防御和治理方案提供科学依据。     

Multistage Deformation in the Northeastern Segment of the Jiangshao Fault (Suture) Belt: Constraints for the Relationship between the Yangtze Plate and the Cathaysia Old Land

Multistage deformation events have occurred in the northeastern Jiangshao Fault (Suture) Belt. The earliest two are ductile deformation events. The first is the ca. 820 Ma top-to-the-northwest ductile thrusting, which directly resulted from the collision between the Cathaysia Old Land and the Chencai Arc (?) during the Late Neoproterozoic, and the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt that formed as the ocean closed between the Yangtze Plate and the jointed Cathaysia Old Land and the Chencai Arc due to continuous compression. The second is the ductile left-lateral strike-slipping that occurred in the latest Early Paleozoic. Since the Jinning period, all deformation events represent the reactivation or inversion of intraplate structures due to the collisions between the North China and Yangtze plates during the Triassic and between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates during the Cenozoic. In the Triassic, brittle right-lateral strike-slipping and subsequent top-to-the south thrusting occurred along the whole northeastern Jiangshao Fault Zone because of the collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. In the Late Mesozoic, regional extension took place across southeastern China. In the Cenozoic, the collision between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates resulted in brittle thrusts along the whole Jiangnan Old land in the Miocene. The Jiangshao Fault Belt is a weak zone in the crust with long history, and its reactivation is one of important characteristics of the deformation in South China; however, late-stage deformation events did not occur beyond the Jiangnan Old Land and most of them are parallel to the strike of the Old Land, which is similar to the Cenozoic deformation in Central Asia. In addition, the Jiangnan old Land is not a collisional boundary between the Yangtze Plate and Cathaysia Old Land in the Triassic.     

Palaeomagnetic investigation of Cenozoic volcanic rocks bordering the North Anatolian Fault Zone,Reşadiye and Koyulhisar Districts,central-east Anatolia,Turkey

A palaeomagnetic study is reported from the lavas of Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene age cropping out immediately to the north of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the Re?adiye–Mesudiye region of central-eastern Anatolia. Rock magnetic investigations identify a high percentage of multi-domained magnetite as the dominant ferromagnet in these rocks and this probably accounts for a relatively poor response to alternating field and thermal demagnetisation. Thirty of 37 units yielded acceptable groupings of characteristic magnetisation directions. An earlier study indicated small anticlockwise crustal block rotation in this region since Upper Cretaceous times (D/I?=?347/50°), and our study indicates that this was overtaken by clockwise rotation in Eocene times (D/I?=?40/47°), although sample size control from the Palaeogene is poor. Results from later Miocene (D/I?=?2/62°) and Pliocene (D/I?=?0/53°) volcanic rocks indicate that no significant tectonic rotation has occurred in the north of the NAFZ in Neogene times. This contrasts with rotations in the weaker crust comprising the Anatolian collage south of the NAFZ, where differential and sometimes large anticlockwise rotations occurred during the latter part of the Neogene.     

Geochemisty and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Glenrock Station area,N.S.W.

In the Upper Murray Valley, Victoria, Late Silurian, high‐Si igneous rocks, which are closely associated with alkalic, basaltic dykes, were emplaced at high crustal levels following the peak of the Benambran Orogeny, which deformed and metamorphosed the Wagga Zone in Late Ordovician‐Early Silurian times. These rocks, which are informally termed ‘the Upper Murray high‐Si magmatic suite’, include leucogranites, rhyolite dykes and flows, and ash‐flow tuffs characterised by the following features. They are transitional from mildly peraluminous to mildly metaluminous; they represent relatively anhydrous magmas, in which halides were important volatile constituents; they have high Si, total alkalies, Rb, Th, U, Nb, Sn and heavy rare earth elements; and they are relatively repleted in Mg, Ca, Sr, Eu, V, Cr and Ni. In these respects and in their post‐orogenic setting and close association with alkalic basalts, they resemble many post‐orogenic granitoids from elsewhere. Such granitoids appear to have formed as partial melts during crustal extension following major episodes of deformation and high‐Si magmatism. A residual granulitic crust, from which an earlier generation of granitoid magmas had been extracted, is argued to be the source rock‐type for these post‐orogenic magmas. Tectonic extension, affecting such a crust, was accompanied by deep fracturing and basaltic vol‐canism. Mantle‐derived, CO₂‐ and halide‐rich fluids moved into the residual crust, causing widespread metasomatism, and emplacement of basaltic magma caused temperatures to rise until melting took place and a second group of magmas was produced. This model explains most aspects of the trace and major element chemistry of post‐orogenic, high‐Si igneous rocks and, for the Upper Murray high‐Si suite it also provides an explanation for variations in trace elements and isotopic characteristics. Other processes, such as crystal fractionation, magma mixing, thermogravi‐tational diffusion, and separation and loss of a volatile phase, provide explanations for variations within individual units of the suite, but they do not explain overall variations or the highly fractionated nature of the suite.     

Crustal structure of the continental margin of Korea in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from deep seismic sounding data: evidence for rifting affected by the hotter than normal mantle

Despite the various opening models of the southwestern part of the East Sea (Japan Sea) between the Korean Peninsula and the Japan Arc, the continental margin of the Korean Peninsula remains unknown in crustal structure. As a result, continental rifting and subsequent seafloor spreading processes to explain the opening of the East Sea have not been adequately addressed. We investigated crustal and sedimentary velocity structures across the Korean margin into the adjacent Ulleung Basin from multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection and ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data. The Ulleung Basin shows crustal velocity structure typical of oceanic although its crustal thickness of about 10 km is greater than normal. The continental margin documents rapid transition from continental to oceanic crust, exhibiting a remarkable decrease in crustal thickness accompanied by shallowing of Moho over a distance of about 50 km. The crustal model of the margin is characterized by a high-velocity (up to 7.4 km/s) lower crustal (HVLC) layer that is thicker than 10 km under the slope base and pinches out seawards. The HVLC layer is interpreted as magmatic underplating emplaced during continental rifting in response to high upper mantle temperature. The acoustic basement of the slope base shows an igneous stratigraphy developed by massive volcanic eruption. These features suggest that the evolution of the Korean margin can be explained by the processes occurring at volcanic rifted margins. Global earthquake tomography supports our interpretation by defining the abnormally hot upper mantle across the Korean margin and in the Ulleung Basin.     

冀北坝上地区深部地质构造特征及其对火山活动和铀成矿的控制作用

冀北坝上地区位于华北地台北缘。其深部地质构造有两个显著特征：一是全区性的莫霍面下拗，地壳增厚；二是软流圈部分伸入到下岩石图上部，造成局部地区地幔上隆，地壳减薄。火山喷发形成的沽源火山盆地和大滩火山盆地与两个地幔上隆，地壳减薄区，上下相互对应。铀矿床（点）沿地幔隆起周边构造活动带规律性分布。上述两事实有力地证明了深部地质构造对中新生代火山活动和铀成矿的控制作用。沿地幔隆起周边构造活动带是今后寻找铀及多金属矿产的有利地段。     

三山岛金矿控矿断层F1的力学性质及补强措施

作者以正在开采中的三山岛金矿采场为研究对象,分析矿区开采过程中的岩体结构特征及重力方向矿柱、护顶矿柱与控矿断层F1断层泥及其上覆岩体之间的关系和力学机制。通过试验研究了断层泥的物质成分和力学性质,总结了力学特性与断层泥厚度及含水量之间的关系。在此基础上提出锚固大于中倾角的结构面,提高结构面的抗滑阻力;增加含有高、陡倾角结构面矿柱的刚度等对矿柱的补强措施。对护顶矿柱提出预先锚固;分阶段开采的补强方法。在裂隙密集带设置排水设施,改善断层泥的赋存条件,提高它的力学性能。     

似鱼形断层角砾形成机制及意义

在湖南衡东县铅锌矿观察到一种似鱼形的断层角砾。利用单个角砾即可指示断层两盘位移方向和断层面产状。作者认为它将为变质岩区矿田构造研究、为钻孔岩心研究和矿山坑道地质研究中确定断层位移方向带来方便。