南极乔治王岛的地理环境分析：兼论南极地缘政治问题

作者从地理环境,尤其是气候和资源对航空、航海、科学考察的影响,讨论了南极乔治王岛地区的战略意义。根据对地质基础、矿产、火山活动以及冰川侵蚀历史和地貌现象的讨论,指出该区是研究古气候、古环境、大陆漂移和冰川冰缘地貌的极好场所;并指出该区种类全、数量多且具有南极特征的动植物和奇特的食物链关系,是其成为重要生物资源区和受条约保护的特别科学兴趣场所的主要原因;最后讨论了本区归属问题,认为《南极条约》今后可能继续生效或会制定出类似条约使本区和南极继续成为全人类的共有财富。     

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系共计种子植物32科40属,蕨类植物8科11属。分析其中的种子植物区系成分并与海南岛现代植物区系进行对比,结果显示：（1）在科级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系以泛热带科占优势,为37.5%;热带-亚热带科占6.25%;而亚热带-温带科所占比例相对较高,达到31.25%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带科高达48.07%,热带-亚热带科的比例也达到18.88%,而亚热带-温带科仅占15.88%。显然,长昌盆地始新世植物区系的组成亚热带性质较强。（2）在属级水平,长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物区系泛热带属占7.5%;热带-亚热带属占17.5%;而亚热带-温带属多达67.5%。海南岛现代植物区系泛热带属高达23.9%,热带-亚热带属更是高达57.5%,而亚热带-温带属仅占13.7%。对比表明,长昌盆地始新世植物区系明显以亚热带-温带性质为主,甚至出现了很多现今生活在较高海拔的山地植物,如冷杉（Abies）和铁杉（Tsuga）等。科属组成的分析表明,海南岛长昌盆地始新世的气温比现代要低,其周缘地带很可能分布有较高的山地。     

GLACIATION OF MT ALLEN, STEWART ISLAND (RAKIURA): THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF LGM GLACIATION IN NEW ZEALAND

The origin of two ridges on the eastern slopes of Mt Allen, southern Stewart Island, has remained equivocal, with differences of opinion over the exact process-mechanisms of formation. A variety of approaches was used to test a number of possible hypotheses about the origin of the ridges. These include topographic and spatial positioning, geomorphology, sedimentology and palaeoclimatological extrapolations to reconstruct two small former cirque glaciers with equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) of c. 600 m. It would appear the two ridges reflect a glacial origin, the glaciers interpreted as forming during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in New Zealand. Whilst glaciation during this time (18–19 ka) was extensive in the Southern Alps, the restricted nature of glaciation on Mt Allen suggests the low altitude restricted glaciation to niche sites on the lee side of upland areas.     

抚远三角洲国际区域合作模式的构建

本文从抚远三角洲（大黑瞎子岛）的归属问题入手,剖析了抚远三角洲的区域特点与未来发展前景,对目前中俄两国的国际合作机制和国际区域合作的支撑条件进行梳理。在不破坏大黑瞎子岛生态环境原则的基础上,以岛为依托,构建了东北亚综合贸易体、打造东北亚自由贸易区、建立跨国城市联合体、建设抚远为哈巴罗夫斯克卫星城以及开发抚远三角洲为国际生态文化旅游特区五种国际合作模式。     

上马鞍岩相潮间带贝类生态初步研究

从１９９２～１９９３年４个季度月采集的样品中,共鉴定出贝类６３种,隶属３纲９目２９科。根据它们对温度的适应性质可分为４个类群：暖温带种占４．７６％;亚热带种占４４．４４％;广温广布种占３８．０９％;热带种占１２．６９％,生态特征与福建沿岸相近。阐述了贝类的数量分布、季节变化。还探讨了潮汐、波浪等环境因子对贝类生态分布的影响。     

印尼塔里阿布岛铁矿项目岩心钻探施工技术

在印尼塔里阿布铁矿项目岩心钻探施工中,其地层既具有泥岩、页岩、粘土岩的遇水膨胀、坍塌,又有凝灰岩、火山灰岩的遇水溶解及硅化石英岩的“打滑”,以及粉状铁矿取心难的特点。易出现卡钻、粘钻等孔内事故。通过大胆的探索,形成了针对该地区岩心钻探施工的一套施工工艺,取得了良好的钻探技术效果。详细介绍了印尼塔里阿布岛铁矿项目岩心钻探施工技术。     

Helium,Argon and Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Spring Gases in the Hainan Island,China

Chemical and isotopic compositions have been measured for N2-He-rich bubbling gases discharging from hot springs in the Hainan Island, Southern China. Observed 3He/4He ratios (0.1–1.3 RA) indicate the occurrence of a mantle component throughout the island, which has been highly diluted by a crustal radiogenic 4He component. The occurrence of mantle-derived helium is high in the northern island (12%–16% of total He) and gradually decreases towards southern coast (1%–3% of total He). Such a distribution pattern is most likely controlled by the Pleocene-Quaternary volcanic activities in the northern island and groundwater circulation along the deep major faults. The 40Ar/36Ar and N2/Ar ratios suggest that N2 and Ar of the hot spring gases are mostly meteoric. Although δ13C values of CO2 (–20‰ to –27‰) with low concentrations are consistent with the biogenic origin, the combination of 3He/4He and d13CCO2 suggests a two end-member mixing of mantle and crustal components with CO2/3He ratios of 2×109 and 8×1011, respectively. However, the low CO2/3He ratios (1–22×106) can not be ascribed in terms of the simple mixing but has to be explained by the addition of radiogenic 4He and loss of CO2 by calcite precipitation in the hydrothermal system, which is most likely controlled by the degree of gas-water-rock interaction.     

On measuring settlement by magnetic method at any depth

Abstract

When artificial islands are constructed, they are subject to surface subsidence, which is the resultant sum of the consolidation strata, many of which seem differ in character. When these strata are soft and thick, or heavily loaded, it becomes very difficult to estimate how much settlement will eventually take place, and over how long a period. For the estimate to be accurate, the settlement characteristics of each layer must first be determined.

For this purpose, the authors have investigated a new method of measuring settlement, based on two unique principles. One principle is the application of a permanent magnet as an indicator of settlement, and the other is the exploitation of semiconductor, magneto‐resistance elements for detecting the magnetic fields. In advance of the observation, the magnets are forced into the earth, being pushed out through the bore‐hole casing by the oil jack at suitable depths and intervals. The small‐sized magneto‐resistance element is essential to the practicality and efficiency of this method.

In this study, the principles of this method, measuring procedure, the special characteristics and potential of this system, and the results of field trials are described.     

Surviving off junk: low-energy prey dominates the diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Mercury Island,Namibia, between 1996 and 2009

The diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia consisted mainly of sardine Sardinops sagax in the 1950s. Since the collapse of pelagic fish stocks in the 1970s, birds fed mainly on bearded (pelagic) goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus, a low-energy prey species. We present diet data for African penguins breeding at Mercury Island, the largest colony for this species in Namibia, between 1996 and 2009. Bearded goby was the main prey item throughout the study period, both in terms of frequency of occurrence (67.8%; SD 31.2) and in terms of mass (59.2%; SD 31.5). Diet composition varied throughout the year as well as between years; birds occasionally fed on a variety of fish species other than bearded goby. In Namibia, poor prey abundance is considered as a major factor contributing to the decline of penguin numbers after the collapse of the sardine stocks. However, bearded goby appears to be relatively abundant along Namibia's southern coast and low prey quality rather than low abundance appears to be a key factor influencing population dynamics of African penguins and other marine top predators in southern Namibia.     

Recent population estimates and trends in numbers of albatrosses and giant petrels breeding at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands

The second mid-summer survey of surface-nesting seabirds at the Prince Edward Island group (Marion and Prince Edward islands) was conducted during December 2008, seven years after the initial mid-summer survey. Wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans may have decreased slightly at Prince Edward Island, mirroring a decrease of roughly 2% per year at Marion Island from 1998 to 2005, a decline that has since reversed. Numbers of grey-headed albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma on Marion Island have remained stable, whereas the population on Prince Edward Island decreased by 20% from 2001 to 2008 (3% per year). The estimate of Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses T. carteri at Prince Edward Island was similar in 2001 and 2008. Counts of both sooty albatrosses Phoebetria spp. were substantially higher at Prince Edward Island in 2008, possibly as a result of better coverage compared to 2001. Dark-mantled sooty albatrosses P. fusca on Marion Island have decreased by almost 2% per year since 1996, continuing a negative trend from the early 1980s, whereas light-mantled sooty albatrosses P. palpebrata have increased by almost 6% per year at Marion Island since 1996. Counts of both giant petrels increased at Prince Edward Island (northern Macronectes halli by 44%; southern M. giganteus by 28%), whereas their numbers have remained stable at Marion Island. Current best estimates for annual breeding populations (pairs) at the two islands are 3 650 wandering albatrosses, 9 500 grey-headed albatrosses, 7 000 Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses, 2 900 dark-mantled sooty albatrosses, 800 light-mantled sooty albatrosses, 750 northern giant petrels and 2 800 southern giant petrels, confirming the global importance of the Prince Edward Islands for these seven species. Apart from the dark-mantled sooty albatross, their populations are reasonably healthy despite fishing mortality.