汶川Ms8.0地震平原区地表破裂的初步调查

2008年5月12日四川省汶川发生MS 8.0级地震,造成龙门山断裂带映秀－北川断裂长达240km和灌县－江油断裂72km的地表破裂。同时在龙门山山前的成都平原内出现了地表弯曲变形、地裂缝、河流跌水以及具有条带状分布的喷砂冒水点和建筑物破坏加剧的现象。为此,对这一地区进行了进一步的调查工作。调查采取以寻访形式为主,结合使用高精度3D扫描仪进行地形测量和探槽开挖。通过调查,发现平原区的隐伏断裂在汶川MS8.0地震中发生了错动,断层破裂面在地表未见有出露,而是在近地表形成弯曲变形。什邡市师古镇和隐丰镇之间存在两条地震灾害异常带,北北东向灾害异常带长约7km; 北北西向灾害异常带长约5km。通过探槽开挖和地形测量得到的汶川MS8.0级地震在平原区形成的垂直位移为20cm。     

汶川地震震害特点及成因探讨

在对汶川、都江堰、彭州和北川等地地震灾害调查的基础上,结合大量文献资料,分析了震害特点并探讨了震害成因。认为汶川地震是在特殊的地质构造和地球动力学背景下产生的,地震震害有许多独特之处。地震产生的许多变形带是浅表层局部变形,与浅表层地质条件有关,不是地震断层,破坏性不严重。地貌在地震中有伸缩现象,其中山体部分伸展、河谷地带收缩、地貌伸缩与地震中应力释放和应变恢复过程产生的多层次滑脱有关。桥梁在地震中遭到了严重破坏,许多桥梁完全垮塌,显示架空结构建筑物对地震的抗击能力差,有的桥梁有中央断裂或垮塌一半的特点,可能是因为河流两岸地震波不连续或不同方向震动强度不同。地震中建筑物的破坏具有不均匀性,主要表现有滑坡和崩塌加重了建筑物的破坏、地基不均匀导致建筑群不均匀破坏、饱和砂土地震液化引起地基失效导致建筑群强烈破坏、斜坡带临空一侧建筑物破坏程度高、建筑物的破坏具有与地震波相关的方向性。汶川地震震害警示,在强烈地震区加强地质研究、地质灾害危险性评估、工程勘察和结合地震破坏特点的工程抗震设防的极端重要性。     

汶川8.0级地质发震断层逆冲活动的地震地貌与古地震初步研究

与河流阶地相关的地震地貌包括地震阶地和阶地断错两方面。地震阶地是古地震事件的直接反映; 阶地断错则是多次古地震事件的累积效应。文章在汶川8.0级地震破裂带调查的基础上,讨论了平行断裂的河流和横穿断裂的河流两种情况下的阶地发育特征。在此基础上,应用差分GPS测量技术,分别对虹口附近的地震阶地和映秀附近阶地断错现象进行了测量。研究结果表明,虹口附近地震阶地反映了自白沙河Ⅱ级阶地形成以来发生了5次规模基本相当的断错事件; 映秀附近的阶地累积位错量反映了不同级阶地经历了不同数量的地震事件,其中,Ⅱ级阶地形成以来大致经历了5次与汶川8.0级地震位错相当的地震事件。两个地点的地震阶地和阶地位错研究得到了一致的古地震次数。本文进一步讨论了前人对该区阶地的测年数据,从而推测得到汶川8.0级地震发震断层的古地震复发间隔约为4ka。     

内蒙古准格尔黑岱沟超大型煤型镓矿床的形成与物质来源

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘黑岱沟太原组顶部6号煤层属于低等煤化程度的低硫烟煤,其中铝土质粘土岩、煤层中超 常含有勃姆铝石,发现超常含镓、超常富集稀土,7段煤层平均含Ga 44.8 μg/g、含∑REE 110.82～467.21 μg/g,显示出铝、镓、稀土元素三者地球化学行为的相似性和共生特性.是特殊地质背景与古沉积环境下的产物.研究认为,铝、镓、稀土元素三者有共同的来源:①古老基底剥蚀区,古陆富钾高铝的岩浆岩与变质岩建造;②中奥陶统顶部风化剥蚀面产出的上石炭统本溪组粘土层及铝土层中富集的镓是重要来源;③煤层系中粘土质砾岩中发现显量火山晶屑及火山灰,部分提供易分解的铝-镓物源;④下二叠统太原组海陆交互滨海-溻湖相、三角洲相、堡岛与沼湖沉积岩相古地理优越,是煤层与铝土质粘土层发育集中富集含镓的良好沉积古环境.总之,镓的物源具有多来源、继承性、分时期、有阶段复杂富集的特点.     

安徽铜陵矿集区南部新生代岩浆活动——来自科学深钻TK01的证据

本文主要是对铜陵矿集区南部丁桥科学深钻中的碱性辉长岩进行了LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年,年龄为63.54±0.53 Ma,表明碱性辉长岩是新生代岩浆侵入活动的产物。全岩主、微量研究结果表明TK01中的碱性辉长岩富钾(K_2O平均为1.75%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O平均为3.90%)、富钛(TiO_2平均为1.58%),富集大离子不相容元素和轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,属于过铝质岩石。SiO_2-K_2O图解中,样品点落在含钾较高的钾玄岩和钙碱性区域中,岩浆演化过程中有矿物的分离结晶作用。碱性辉长岩的锆石εHf(t)值介于-4.7~-11.5。推测TK01中的碱性辉长岩主要来源于富集地幔,稍有陆壳物质的混染,岩浆形成于大陆板内拉张的构造背景。     

重新认识还原作用在铀成矿中的贡献

铀是一种变价元素,在自然界主要以六价和四价离子的化合物形式存在。一些学者特别强调U~(6+)被还原为U~(4+)在成矿中的重要性。但实际上,作为成矿作用产物的铀矿物中都含有一定量的U~(6+),或铀以[UO_2]~(2+)形式形成铀酰矿物。大量地质现象和室内实验资料也表明,还原作用有助于铀成矿作用的进行,但并不都是直接通过U~(6+)还原为U~(4+)成矿,而多是通过对热液/流体性质的改变或其它方式促进铀的沉淀和富集。     

Geochemistry,Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes systematics and geochronological constrains on petrogenesis of the Xishan A-type granite and associated W–Sn mineralization in Guangdong Province,South China

The Xishan deposit, located in the western Guangdong Province in South China, is a quartz-vein type W-Sn deposit with an average Sn grade of 0.1–0.4 wt%. The deposit is temporally and spatially associated with Xishan alkali feldspar granite. The W–Sn mineralization is present mainly as veins that are hosted by the granite. In this paper we present new zircon U–Pb age, whole-rock geochemical data, Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic data and Re–Os age in order to constrain the nature and timing of magmatism and mineralization in the Xishan mining district with implications on geodynamic settings. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb analyses yielded an age of 79.14 ± 0.31 Ma for the alkali feldspar granite, consistent with the molybdenite Re–Os age of 79.41 ± 1.11 Ma. The alkali feldspar granite shows high contents of SiO₂ (71.52–76.25 wt%), high total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O = 9.35–13.51 wt%), high field strength elements (e.g. Zr = 95.4–116 ppm, Y = 97.1–138 ppm, Nb = 36.1–55.5 ppm, Ga = 97.1–138 ppm), and rare earth elements (total REE = 171.8–194.0 ppm) as well as high Ga/Al ratios (10,000 × Ga/Al = 3.23–3.82) suggesting that it has the geochemical characteristics of A-type granite and shows an A₂ subtype affinity. Sr–Nd isotopes of the alkali feldspar granite show that (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i values range from 0.7111 to 0.7183, and the ε_Nd(t) values and Nd model ages (T_2DM) vary from −6.8 to −6.5 and 1414 to 1433 Ma, respectively. The Pb isotopic compositions are variable, with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values ranging from 18.783 to 18.947, 15.709 to 15.722 and 38.969 to 39.244, respectively, indicating that the alkali feldspar granite was derived from a mantle-crust mixed source. In situ Hf isotopic analyses reveal that the alkali feldspar granite has ε_Hf(t) values ranging from −9.69 to −0.04 and two-stage Hf model ages from 1145 Ma to 1755 Ma, indicating that the alkali feldspar granite was formed by the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crusts of the Cathaysia Block with additions of mantle-derived materials. These results, together with previously presented regional geological relationships, suggest that the formation of the Xishan granite and associated W–Sn mineralization is related to lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling that are attributed to a directional change of Pacific plate motion.     

In–situ LA–ICP–MS trace elemental analyzes of magnetite: The Tieshan skarn Fe–Cu deposit,Eastern China

The Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit is located in the Edong district, which represents the westernmost and largest region within the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (YRMB), Eastern China. Skarn Fe–Cu mineralization is spatially associated with the Tieshan pluton, which intruded carbonates of the Lower Triassic Daye Formation. Ore bodies are predominantly located along the contact between the diorite or quartz diorite and marbles/dolomitic marbles. This study investigates the mineral chemistry of magnetite in different skarn ore bodies. The contrasting composition of magnetite obtained are used to suggest different mechanisms of formation for magnetite in the western and eastern part of the Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit. A total of 178 grains of magnetite from four magnetite ore samples are analyzed by LA–ICP–MS, indicating a wide range of trace element contents, such as V (13.61–542.36 ppm), Cr (0.003–383.96 ppm), Co (11.12–187.55 ppm) and Ni (0.19–147.41 ppm), etc. The Ti/V ratio of magnetite from the Xiangbishan (western part of the Tieshan deposit) and Jianshan ore body (eastern part of the Tieshan deposit) ranges from 1.32 to 5.24, and 1.31 to 10.34, respectively, indicating a relatively reduced depositional environment in the Xiangbishan ore body. Incorporation of Ti and Al in magnetite are temperature dependent, which hence propose that the temperature of hydrothermal fluid from the Jianshan ore body (Al = 3747–9648 ppm, with 6381 ppm as an average; Ti = 381.7–952.0 ppm, with 628.2 ppm as an average) was higher than the Xiangbishan ore body (Al = 2011–11122 ppm, with 5997 ppm as an average, Ti = 302.5–734.8, with 530.8 ppm as an average), indicating a down–temperature precipitation trend from the Jianshan ore body to the Xiangbishan ore body. In addition, in the Ca + Al + Mn versus Ti + V diagram, magnetite is plotted in the skarn field, consideration with the ternary diagram of TiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO, proposing that the magnetite ores are formed by replacement, instead of directly crystallized from iron oxide melts, which provide a better understanding regarding the composition of ore fluids and processes responsible for Fe mineralization in the Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit.     

Accurate Determination of Chlorine,Bromine and Iodine in U.S. Geological Survey Geochemical Reference Materials by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis

Trace amounts of three halogens (chlorine, bromine and iodine) in seventeen U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geochemical reference materials were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA). The materials analysed were AGV‐2 (andesite), BCR‐2, BHVO‐2 and BIR‐1a (basalts), CLB‐1 (coal), COQ‐1 (carbonatite), DGPM‐1 (disseminated gold ore), DNC‐1a (dolerite), DTS‐2b (dunite), GSP‐2 (granodiorite), Nod‐A‐1 and Nod‐P‐1 (manganese nodules), QLO‐1a (quartz latite), SBC‐1 (marine shale), SDC‐1 (mica schist), SGR‐1b (shale rock) and W‐2a (diabase). The chlorine, bromine and iodine contents were determined to be 5.64 mg kg^?1 (BIR‐1a) to 4410 mg kg^?1 (Nod‐A‐1), 0.039 mg kg^?1 (BIR‐1a) to 52.1 mg kg^?1 (CLB‐1), and 0.041 mg kg^?1 (BIR‐1a) to 599 mg kg^?1 (CLB‐1), respectively. The RNAA data of the three halogens were compared with the corresponding data in the literature.     

Mass Fractions of Forty‐Six Major and Trace Elements,Including Rare Earth Elements,in Sediment and Soil Reference Materials Used in Environmental Studies

Development of new techniques, enabling simultaneous determination of large numbers of elements in environmental samples, can force analysts to use certified reference materials that do not contain all the elements of interest. In this paper, the mass fractions of forty‐six major and trace elements, including rare earth elements (REE), are presented in one soil (NCS DC 77302 also known as GBW 07410) and five sediment (Metranal‐1, IAEA 405, MESS‐3, NCS DC 73309 also known as GBW 07311 and NCS DC 75301 also known as GBW 07314) certified reference materials determined by high resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. The selected certified materials represent a spectrum of geological matrices often analysed in environmental studies. Measured elements include certified elements, elements listed with information values as well as new elements absent from certificates, including REEs and some other elements. REE + Y mass fractions in the river sediment reference material Metranal‐1 are reported for the first time. The results obtained are in agreement with available certified or information values.