紫坪铺水库蓄水前天然地震活动

紫坪铺水库位于龙门山断裂带。了解和掌握水库蓄水前库坝区及其周围天然地震活动背景水平,可对水库诱发地震的危险性进行前期评价,可为蓄水后的诱发地震活动监测提供可靠的鉴别依据。紫坪铺水库地震台网在水库蓄水前运行逾1年,本文用这批资料提供表征库区及附近和库坝区蓄水前天然地震活动水平确切实用的各项指标。用全国和四川台网地震资料,给出含库区的较大区域地震活动背景和对库区的影响。     

汶川MS8.0地震余震序列重新定位及其地震构造研究

综合利用川西流动地震台阵观测数据和震后应急地震观测台站的震相数据,采用双差地震定位方法对汶川地震的余震序列进行了精确重新定位,并对汶川地震的地震构造进行了深入研究.其结果显示,汶川地震序列从彭灌杂岩南缘开始破裂,主震及其余震破裂带长约350 km,在大部分区域宽约20~30 km,其宽度和空间形态沿破裂带显示了强烈的分段和非均匀特征.坚硬的彭灌杂岩对余震的非均匀性分布和汶川地震复杂的破裂过程起到了重要的控制作用.以松潘—甘孜地块中地壳低速层顶部为底边界,余震主要分布在4~24 km深度范围内的龙门山东缘上地壳高速层内.余震深度分布剖面清晰地显示了映秀—北川断裂和灌县—江油断裂以及汶川—茂汶断裂在20~22 km深度合并为剪切带的特征.小鱼洞到理县方向存在一条长度超过60 km的垂直于龙门山走向的余震分布条带,综合震源机制解和地震破裂过程的研究结果,我们推测,这是坚硬的彭灌杂岩体底部在长期应力积累作用下发生破裂的反映,并成为汶川地震释放出巨大能量的主要原因.     

汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震的发震构造为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂主要分布在其中的北川－映秀断裂和江油－灌县断裂上,尤其是沿前者发育了长达240 km左右的地表破裂带.通过对龙门山断裂带震后断层擦痕的测量,得到311条断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,得到研究区8个测点的构造应力张量数据,并获得了研究区构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以近水平挤压为主,最大主应力方向（σ1）为76°～121°,平均倾角9°,应力结构以逆断型为主.受构造应力场及断层几何特征的影响,地表破裂呈现出分段性：映秀—北川段主要以NW盘逆冲为主,垂直位移明显;北川以北段为逆冲兼走滑,水平位移量与垂直位移量基本相当,或水平位移略大.     

汶川MS8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析——基于深部电性结构

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8级地震的发生不是局部地区孤立的构造事件,研究汶川地震的孕震机制,应该把局部分析和区域分析相结合,关注地壳上地幔直至地幔过渡带的深部结构.基于近年来在东北、华北和汶川地震附近地区进行的深部结构电磁探测结果,结合地震学等其他资料,从太平洋板块的俯冲、印度板块的碰撞和松潘甘孜地块的推挤三个“层次”探讨分析汶川特大地震的成因.太平洋板块向亚洲大陆的俯冲作用,导致中国大陆东部地幔过渡带深度较普遍地存在着停滞的板片,它对汶川地震的影响不可忽视.印度板块与青藏高原的碰撞,使组成高原的各地块发生向北和向东的运动,各地块向东的运动作用于南北地震带中南段,影响到该区域的地震活动.松潘甘孜地块向四川地块的推挤,使松潘甘孜地块运动方向和龙门山断裂带形成“丁”字形结构,龙门山断裂带显示为较陡直的电性边界,加剧了汶川地震前的应力积累,可能是汶川地震发生的最直接的诱因.     

龙门山断裂带中北段大震复发特征与复发间隔估计

汶川MS8.0地震发生在青藏高原东缘著名的龙门山断裂带上,造成了从映秀、北川至南坝长约240km的同震地表破裂带．然而目前关于龙门山断裂带的大震复发特征研究较少．通过地震地质科学考察和断层断错地貌的差分GPS测量,发现第一级河流阶地、河床和河漫滩上的垂直断距大致相当,均代表汶川地震的位错,而第二级河流阶地上的累计位移大致是最新地震垂直位移的2倍．利用断错地貌、地震矩率和滑动速率3种方法,分别估算了龙门山断裂带大地震的复发间隔．结果表明:龙门山断裂带中北段可能发生与汶川大地震相当的地震,大震复发符合特征地震模型;大震复发间隔为3000——6000a．该结果可为龙门山断裂带的大震预测和地震危险性评价等研究提供重要的定量数据．      

汶川8.0级地震序列动态跟踪过程对地震预报的启示

通过对汶川8.0级地震的类型和破裂特征分析, 讨论了龙门山构造带地震活动与甘肃省地震活动的关系.回顾了对汶川地震序列的动态跟踪过程以及余震活动在甘肃省的震情判定过程.认为地震预报应从地震的孕育、发展和发生过程中获得更多的物理信息,改变以往以经验、统计预报为主的模式,向以物理预报为主的预报模式迈进.     

汶川8．0级地震后龙门山断裂地震波速异常的讨论

通过对2008年四川省汶川8．0级特大地震时天水台记录到的地震波形进行分析,结果发现：龙门山断裂带在汶川特大地震后,天水台记录到的余震出现了3—4秒的地震波速异常,认为与此次特大地震后龙门山断裂带的破碎有关。     

Deep tectonic setting of the 2008 Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>8.0 earthquake in southwestern China

Teleseismic P-wave receiver functions at 20 broadband seismic stations in the Longmenshan fault zone (LMFZ) and its vicinity were extracted, and the crustal thickness and the P- and S-wave velocity ratio were calculated by use of the H-k stacking algorithm. With the results as constraints, the S-wave velocity structures beneath each station were determined by the inversion of receiver functions. The crustal structure of the Rear-range zone is similar to that of the Songpan-Garze Block, whereas the velocity structure of the Fore-range zone resembles that of Sichuan Basin, implying that the Central Principal Fault of LMFZ is the boundary between the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze Block. Lower velocity zone exists in lower crust of the Songpan-Garze Block and the central-southern segment of the Rear-range zone, which facilitates the detachment of the material in upper and middle crust. Joint analysis of the receiver functions and the Bouguer gravity anomalies supports the thesis on the detachment-thrust mode of the LMFZ. A double-detachment pattern is suggested to the tectonic setting in the Songpan-Garze Block. The upper detachment occurs at the depth of 10-15 km, and represents a high-temperature ductile shear zone. There is a lower detachment at the depth of about 30 km, below which the lower crust flow exists in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Interpretation of the Bouguer gravity anomalies indicates that the Sichuan Basin is of higher density in upper and middle crust in comparison with that of the Songpan-Garze Block. The LMFZ with higher density is the result from the thrusting of the Songpan-Garze Block over the Sichuan Basin. In the lower crust, higher P velocity and higher density in the Sichuan Basin are related to more rigid material, while lower S velocity and lower density in the Songpan-Garze Block are related to the softened and weakened material. The higher density block beneath the Sichuan Basin obstructs the eastward flow of lower crustal material from the Tibetan Plateau, which is driven by the compression of northward movement of Indian Plate. The eastward movement of upper and middle crustal material is also obstructed by the rigid Yangtze Block, resulting in the stress concentrated and accumulated along the LMFZ. When the stress releases sharply, the Wenchuan M _s8.0 earthquake occurs. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40334041, 40774037) and Joint Foundation of Earthquake Science (Grant No. 1040062)     

Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Longmenshan fault belt

The giant earthquake (M _s=8.0) in Wenchuan on May 12, 2008 was triggered by oblique convergence between the Tibetan Plateau and the South China along the Longmenshan fault belt. The Longmenshan fault belt marks an important component of the tectonic and geomorphological boundary between the eastern and western part of China and has a protracted tectonic history. It was first formed as an intracontinental transfer fault, patitioning the differential deformation between the Pacific and Tethys tectonic domains, initiated in late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic time, then served as the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau to accommodate the growth of the plateau in Cenozoic. Its current geological and geomorphological frameworks are the result of superimposition of these two tectonic events. In Late Triassic, the Longmenshan underwent left-slip oblique NW-SE shortening due to the clockwise rotation of the Yangtze Block, which led to the flexural subsidence of the Sichuan foreland basin, but after that, the subsidence of the Sichuan Basin seems no longer controlled by the tectonic activity of the Longmenshan fault belt. The Meosozoic tectonic evolution of the Songpan-Ganzi fold belt differs significantly compared with that of the Yangtze Platform, featured by intensive northeast and southwest shortening and resulted in the close of the Paleo-Tethys. Aerial photos taken immediately after main shock of the giant May 12, 2008 earthquake have documented extensive rock fall and landslides that represent one of the most destructive aspects of the earthquake. Both rock avalanches and landslides delivered a huge volume of debris into the middle part of the Minjiang River, and formed many dammed lakes. Breaching of these natural dams can be catastrophic, as occurred in the Diexi area along the upstream of the Minjiang River in the year of 1933 that led to devastating floodings. The resultant flood following the breaching of these dams flowed through and out of the Longmenshan belt into the Chengdu Plain, bringing a huge volume of sediments. The oldest alluvial deposits within the Chengdu Plain are estimated to be Late Miocene (8–13 Ma). We suggest that the flooding that transported the course-grained sediments into the Chengdu Plain occurred in late Cenozoic, resulted from both the climate and the historical earthquakes similar to the May 12 earthquake. Estimated age of the sediments related to earthquakes and coeval shortening across the Chengdu Plain indicate that the eastern margin of the plateau became seismically and tectonically active in Late Miocene. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-12), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40672151, 40721003, 40472121 and 40830314) and PetroChina Company Limited     

Regional-Scale Excess Ar wave in a Barrovian type metamorphic belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau

Laser step heating ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of biotite and muscovite single crystals from a Barrovian type metamorphic belt in the eastern Tibetan plateau yielded consistent cooling ages of ca. 40 Ma in the sillimanite zone with peak metamorphic temperatures higher than 600°C and discordant ages from 46 to 197 Ma in the zones with lower peak temperatures. Chemical Th‐U‐Total Pb Isochron Method (CHIME) monazite (65 Ma) and sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) apatite (67 Ma) dating give the age of peak metamorphism in the sillimanite zone. Moderate amounts of excess Ar shown by biotite grains with ages of 46 to 94 Ma at metamorphic grades up to the high‐grade part of the kyanite zone probably represent incomplete degassing during metamorphism. In contrast, the high‐grade part of the kyanite zone yields biotite ages of 130 to 197 Ma. The spatial distribution of these older ages in the kyanite zone along the sillimanite zone boundary suggests they reflect trapped excess argon that migrated from higher‐grade regions. The most likely source is muscovite that decomposed to form sillimanite. The zone with extreme amounts of excess argon preserves trapped remnants of an ‘excess argon wave’. We suggest this corresponds to the area where biotite cooled below its closure temperature in the presence of an elevated Ar wave. Extreme excess Ar is not recognized in muscovite suggesting that the entrapment of the argon wave by biotite took place when the rocks had cooled down to temperatures lower than the closure temperature of muscovite. The breakdown of phengite during ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism may be a key factor in accounting for the very old apparent ages seen in many UHP metamorphic regions. This is the first documentation of a regional Ar‐wave spatially associated with regional metamorphism. This study also implies that resetting of the Ar isotopic systems in micas can require temperatures up to 600°C; much higher than generally thought.