Statistical parameters of Bhuj earthquake sequence of January 26th, 2001

An intraplate earthquake of magnitude (M _c) 6.9 (Anon 2001a) struck Bhuj and the adjoining region of Kachchh in Gujarat on January 26th, 2001 at about 0316 hrs (GMT) and was followed by a number of aftershocks. The epicentre of this earthquake was located at 23.4‡N and 70.28‡E close to the Kachchh mainland fault. The intensity observed around the epicenter was X on the MSK scale. A study of 531 aftershocks, in the magnitude range of 3.0–5.7, recorded at Vadodara Seismological Observatory till March 31st, 2001 has been carried out and various statistical parameters calculated. The total energy released during the study period is calculated to be 8.2 × 10¹⁴ joule. Sudden occurrence of the main shock without any foreshock in the same tectonic system is a unique feature of this sequence. Theb- value (0.86), value of M₀-M₁ (1.2), high M₁/M₀ (0.89) and high value of the decay constanth (0.91), all support the tectonic origin of the present study.     

714C天气雷达冬季测雪的分析与实践

从雪对电磁波的散射和衰减入手，定性分析了714C天气雷达的测雪能力，以2000年冬季测雪实践为例，总结了乌鲜果昌机场714C天气雷达测雪的一般特点。     

Inverted Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method for Measuring Facility Crowdedness

The popular two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method has been widely used in the literature to measure spatial accessibility of residents for a service. The 2SFCA method accounts for the ratio between the supply capacity and demand amount of the service as well as the complex spatial interaction between them. This article introduces an inverted two-step floating catchment area (i2SFCA) method that is derived from an extension of the classic Huff model and used to capture the “crowdedness” (scarcity of resource or intensity of competition) for facilities. The method is illustrated and validated by a case study of evaluating hospital inpatient services in Florida. Several possible uses of the measure are also discussed.     

Effects of non-submerged boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation

The effect of fully submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method.     

Decadal-scale changes in suspended wood after riparian recruitment in managed stands in headwater streams of coastal British Columbia,Canada

Large wood (LW) affects several ecological and hydrogeomorphic processes in streams. The main source of LW is riparian trees falling inside channels. However, in confined valley floors, falling trees are more likely to be suspended above the channel. Eventually, these suspended trees will decompose and break to finally fall into the channel to better provide functions for streams. We evaluated changes in wood decay, length, diameter, and suspended status (suspended or non-suspended) 17 years post-harvest and nine years after the first sampling occurred in 2006 in 12 headwater streams of coastal British Columbia, Canada. We also evaluated whether changes differed among riparian management treatments (no-harvest buffers of 10 and 30 m in width, thinning, and unharvested reference sites), and identified the factors affecting wood changes and suspended status. Wood pieces advanced in decay, became shorter, and 34% of them (n = 108) changed status from suspended to non-suspended. Non-suspended wood pieces were more decayed and shorter than suspended wood. Suspended wood was longer, thicker, less decayed, and represented 46.5% (n = 147) of the wood sampled in 2006. Our findings revealed limited influences of riparian management on many aspects of wood changes considered in this study. Changes in wood characteristics were more likely for pieces that were smaller in diameter, longer, and suspended closer to the water. The transition from suspended to non-suspended LW can be a long-term process that can increase wood residence time and reduce LW in-stream functions particularly in confined stream valleys. The suspended stage is also an important mechanism underlying time lags in stream ecosystem responses to riparian tree fall. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型圆筒型FPSO垂荡抑制结构优化设计

针对传统圆筒型FPSO垂荡运动剧烈的特点,提出一种带有垂荡抑制结构的圆筒型FPSO。采用1∶77.8的缩尺比制作模型,进行垂荡纵摇衰减试验,得到带有不同垂荡抑制结构模型的固有周期和无因次阻尼系数,进而选取最优的垂荡抑制结构型式。之后计算并对比传统圆筒型FPSO和新型圆筒型FPSO垂荡纵摇运动的固有周期和幅频响应函数。在此基础上,结合我国南海海洋环境条件,设计新型圆筒型FPSO的系泊系统,计算分析自存工况下的耦合动力响应,并与传统圆筒型FPSO进行对比。结果表明,文中提出的垂荡抑制结构可以有效增大系统垂荡纵摇运动的固有周期,改善运动性能,提高系泊的安全性。     

青藏高原地区城乡虚拟水贸易格局与影响因素

青藏高原是亚洲水塔,其水资源与水生态环境保护意义重大。从虚拟水视角,研究青藏高原与外部的水资源贸易关系和影响因素,有助于理解该地区的水资源问题、制定虚拟水贸易策略、优化区域城乡水资源配置、保障亚洲水塔功能。依托2012年中国区域间投入产出表成果,本文测算了青藏高原与中国其他区域之间的虚拟水贸易关系,建立了中国区域城镇与农村地区的虚拟水贸易网络,采用对数平均迪氏指数模型分析了青藏高原对其他区域虚拟水贸易不平衡的影响因素。结果表明,青藏高原向中国其他区域净输出虚拟水2.25亿m³,其中向西南、华北、华中、华东、华南等5个区域净输出虚拟水,从西北和东北2个区域净输入虚拟水。城乡之间虚拟水贸易联系非常紧密,农村地区生产水足迹较高,而城镇地区由于人口密度较高、消费水平较高,是虚拟水最终消费的热点区域,青藏高原农村地区的虚拟水贸易量大于城镇地区的虚拟水贸易量。青藏高原贸易输出结构以农产品为主导,虚拟水净输出12.7亿m³;青藏高原与其他区域贸易存在逆差,贸易量因素导致虚拟水净输入8.6亿m³;用水效率在青藏高原与不同区域虚拟水贸易中的正负效应不一,总体带来青藏高原虚拟水净输入1.8亿m³。未来,应重点通过灌溉节水减少农业水足迹,引导城镇居民向低水足迹生活方式转变,鼓励内地为青藏高原提供物质与技术支援,实行水资源生态补偿政策,以保护青藏高原水资源,促进区域水资源可持续利用。     

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate: supersaturation and metastable phases

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate solutions by evaporation under controlled climatic conditions has revealed the existence of crystalline hydrated sodium sulfate salts not previously reported. The sodium sulfate phase crystallising and the concentration of the solution at the point of crystallisation depends on the climatic conditions (temperature and evaporation rate). During the rehydration of the anhydrous sodium sulfate phase, thenardite, another previously unreported phase was formed prior to the nucleation of the stable phase, mirabilite Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O. The addition of organic inhibitors changes both the crystallisation and the rehydration behavior in this system.