Stabilization of the Farley-Buneman instability by three-wave interaction as consequence of the modification of the speed of energy transfer from an external electric field

The energetics of the stabilization of Farley-Buneman (FB) waves by three-wave interaction is studied. Considering decay processes of three FB waves in an open system, which are supposed to be called “quasi-decay processesŔ, it is shown, that during wave stabilization the direct energy transfer between the waves, which is essential for the stabilization of instabilities by normal decay processes in closed plasma systems, is less effective. According to the estimates, a decreasing growth rate of a FB wave, and thus a possible stabilization of the FB instability, may occur as a consequence of the change of the speed of energy transfer from an external electric field, which is caused by the action of two other waves.     

闲暇时间约束对中山陵景区国内客源市场空间结构的影响

闲暇时间是旅游需求得以实现的必要条件之一,居民闲暇时间的变化必然对旅游地客源市场空间结构产生影响。选择"五一"小长假、"十一"黄金周及暑假3类6个不同闲暇时长的时段,基于现场问卷调研,使用客源地地理集中指数、客源吸引半径、距离衰减曲线及引力模型研究闲暇时间约束对南京市中山陵景区客源市场空间结构的影响,发现随着假日时长的增加,居民出游距离受闲暇时间的约束降低,从而旅游地客源吸引半径增大,客源地集中指数降低、距离衰减曲线变缓、距离衰减指数降低。研究结果表明,在不同时长的闲暇时间约束下,距离因素对景区客流量的影响最大,其次为收入(客源地人均地区生产总值),而客源地人口规模因素的影响最小。     

Variability and management patterns of range resources in the Baro River plain, Ethiopia

The biophysical environment of rangelands in the arid and semi-arid lowland parts of Africa is customarily viewed as a homogenous entity. Such notion has encouraged employing a blanket management approach. However, there are perceptible variations within them which necessitate site-specific range management. This study has attempted to identify the variability of soil and forage attributes and assess the existing management practices of those resources in the Baro River plain, Ethiopia. Sample transects, representing pre- and post-fire conditions, were used to collect composite soil samples and vegetation attributes. Alongside the physical survey, a household survey was undertaken to validate the laboratory-generated information. The result showed significant differences of soil and forage attributes among different management regimes, distances from river course and dominant cover types. In general, the distribution of soil nutrients showed a 'distance decay effect', while the distribution of pH showed the reverse pattern. Application of heavy fire load and congested grazing are the principal range management related factors. About 80 per cent of sample pastoralists employ heavy fire without due consideration for the sustainability of the range resource and without considering the local variability. Recognition of site-specific information is the key to effective management of range resources in the study area.     

大气阻力引起卫星轨道衰减的数值模拟

本文以德国低轨道卫星CHAMP为例,联合考虑地球扁率和大气阻力摄动的影响,对相应摄动方程进行数值积分,计算轨道根数变化,并进而计算得到卫星空间位置,由此模拟考察大气阻力引起的轨道高度衰减.模拟中使用综合考虑了太阳辐射和磁暴等多种因素影响的最新国际大气标准JB2008模式来计算热层大气密度. 选取CHAMP卫星轨道高度自然衰减（无点火提升卫星高度操作）的2005全年进行模拟;为了考察不同年份阻力系数的可能变化,对2002年1—3月处在较大高度的轨道也进行了模拟.考虑到CHAMP卫星的特殊几何构形及飞行高度的热层温度条件,取阻力系数大于2.8,并在一定范围内变化,以求得模拟与实际轨道衰减符合较好.结果表明,对于2005年,阻力系数为2.91时模拟得到的轨道高度的衰减与实际轨道衰减符合得最好,模拟与实际轨道半长轴全年的标准偏差为81m;在卫星高度稍高的2002年,模拟的最佳阻力系数为3.0;模拟所得最佳阻力系数值比传统使用的值2.2大30%以上.由于在模拟中忽略了高阶保守力分量,所得近/远地点高度没有出现实际轨道所显示的周期性起伏.     

粘弹性介质地震波传播特征及反射特征研究

理想弹性介质并不能解决许多复杂的实际问题。在实际介质中,地震波的传播过程存在吸收作用,使地震波能量发生了损耗、频带变窄、相位延迟、频率降低,尤其是高频部份。这种特性可以用传播矢量和衰减矢量来表示,衰减矢量越大,介质的吸收越强。这里通过引入广义平面波、纵横波品质因子以及衰减角,利用应力应变关系和连续性条件,推导了粘弹性介质精确的Zoeppritz方程,并通过求解精确的Zoeppritz方程,分析了粘弹性介质中传播矢量、衰减矢量、纵波反射系数、转换波反射系数与频率、衰减角、入射角、品质因子、速度等物理量之间的关系,详细地了解了粘弹性介质中地震波传播特征及反射特征,为粘弹性介质中储层预测问题的研究提供了理论基础。     

Pipe Service Age Effect on Chlorine Decay in Drinking‐Water Transmission and Distribution Systems

Maintaining acceptable quality of water transported in the transmission and distribution system requires the chlorination of water beyond the treatment plant. While flowing through pipes, the chlorine concentration decreases for different reasons. Reaction with the pipe material itself and the reaction with both the biofilm and tubercles formed on the pipe wall are known as pipe wall demand. This varies with pipe parameters. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of the service age of pipes on the chlorine wall decay constant. One hundred and fifty three pipe sections of different sizes and four different pipe materials were collected and tested for their chlorine first‐order wall decay constants. The results showed that pipe service age was an important factor that must not be ignored. For the range of the 55 years of pipe service age used in this study, the change in the wall decay ranged from 8 to 531% of the corresponding values in the recently installed pipes. The effect of service age on the wall decay constants was most evident in steel pipes. Other important findings were reached.     

旅游网站信息流距离衰减集中性的差异及其检验

在"旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态描述与集中度计算"[1]一文的基础上,从旅游网站性质的角度对旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态与集中性的差异进行指数衰减模型的拟合分析,并应用Zipf定律检验其特征,发现:1)不同性质的旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态存在差异,旅游主管部门网站、旅游企业网站、旅游目的地网站的信息流距离衰减形态分别表现出非常符合指数衰减模型、基本符合指数衰减模型、不符合指数衰减模型特征。2)不同性质的旅游网站信息流距离衰减的集中性存在差异,分别表现出具有明显的本地集中性特征、兼有本地集中性和经济集中性特征、具有明显的经济集中性特征。3)分维值多在0.5左右说明了旅游网站信息流距离衰减集中性较强,分维值的差异说明了不同性质旅游网站信息流距离衰减集中性存在差异。旅游网站信息流的位序-规模均符合Zipf定律,其首位省市均存在于网站所在地或者周边省市,其位序-规模的前四位总体为经济发达省市,说明了旅游网站信息流距离衰减具有本地和经济集中性。4)对旅游网站信息流距离衰减集中性的Zipf检验,证实了空间距离集中性特征的普遍意义。     

Kappa (k) derived from accelerograms recorded in the 2008 Wenchuan mainshock,Sichuan, China

High-frequency spectral decay factor, kappa (k), in the accelerograms of the Wenchuan mainshock was measured using strong motion data from 52 stations within 311 km of the epicenter. The derived k range from 0.0034 s to 0.0468 s. The correlation of k versus fault distance was given, which is k = 0.01288 + 5.9068 × 10^–5 R for the N-S component, k = 0.01881 + 1.4219 × 10^–5 R for the E-W component, and k = 0.00855 + 5.6086 × 10^–5 R for the U-D component. The analysis on the spatial variation of k demonstrates that k relates to source effect and propagation effect besides local site effect. Ground motions for the 52 stations were simulated using derived k and compared to actual recordings in terms of waveforms, amplitude spectra and response spectra. The results show agreement at shorter periods (<1 s), but a slight overestimation at longer periods (1–7 s).     

序列衰减与余震激发研究进展及应用成果

着重于序列衰减与余震激发,系统介绍了修改的大森公式、ETAS模型及BASS模型的最新理论研究进展及应用成果。修改的大森公式是迄今为止对序列衰减的最好描述,据此可对序列衰减特征进行定量表述。大森公式本质上是一种典型的现象统计模型,但由于其参数少、计算简单,并且确实能够反映序列衰减的总体特征,因而在实际中应用广泛。ETAS模型考虑了具有统计自相似特征的次级余震激发问题,次级余震激发强度与父地震强度有关,这在物理过程方面对大森公式进行了大大的拓展。由于考虑了次级余震的激发问题,ETAS模型不但在余震序列研究方面比修改的大森公式有了明显的进展,而且在诸如平静检测、余震群集剔除、背景地震活动评估、外因触发地震活动检测等方面也有诸多应用。BASS模型遵循修改的Bath定律,而ETAS模型遵循的是与父地震震级有关的相似率,这是BASS模型与ETAS模型的最大区别,因而相对ETAS模型而言,BASS模型是一种完全自相似的理想化模型,但目前基于BASS模型的应用研究尚不多见     

激光雷达反演参数k值的研究

采用532 nm激光雷达2006年在兰州市不同天气状况下的观测数据,结合能见度因子、CE318太阳光度计观测数据,对利用Klett法求解时,k在不同天气状况下的取值进行了初步研究,结果表明:只有当0.7≤k≤1.0时,气溶胶消光系数的大小与能见度估算出的值相接近。但在k=0.7时,计算出的气溶胶消光系数正、负参半;k=1.0时,消光系数廓线在晴天无云的天气状况下同实际情况不符。通过进一步分析研究激光雷达和光度计的同期观测资料发现:k=0.8时,较合理的数据所占比例为100%,k=0.9为84%,k=1.0仅为12%。对兰州市区而言,利用激光雷达分析气溶胶光学特性时,取k=0.8或k=0.9较为合理。