云贵高原湖泊沉积物─水界面碱度扩散通量研究

于１９９１－１９９５年间５次在云贵高原泸沽湖，洱海湖和贵州阿哈湖，百花湖的湖心采集沉积物柱芯，界面水和湖水样品，通过其ｐＨ值和ＨＣＯ３浓度剖面及界面碱度扩散通量的研究，首次定量评估高原湖泊界面扩散作用上不体碱度的影响程度，研究结果表明，云贵高原某些湖水寄宿时间对较长，湖水深度相对小的湖泊，界面扩散作用是水体碱度的重要来源之一，湖水寄宿时间较短，深度较小的湖泊，界面扩散对上覆水体的影响可以忽略不地。     

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment, the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant, whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan. With the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert. (3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of the nature reserves, the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige and Selincuo (Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively significant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves, whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow, but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe. This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change. Careful design of the samples used, to ensure comparability between the samples, is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China

This study provides a detailed magnetostratigraphic record of subsidence in the Linxia Basin, documenting a 27 Myr long sedimentary record from the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Deposition in the Linxia Basin began at 29 Ma and continued nearly uninterruptedly until 1.7 Ma. Increasing rates of subsidence between 29 and 6 Ma in the Linxia Basin suggest deposition in the foredeep portion of a flexural basin and constrain the timing of shortening in the northeastern margin of the plateau to Late Oligocene–Late Miocene time. By Late Miocene–Early Pliocene time, a decrease in subsidence rates in the Linxia Basin associated with thrust faulting and a 10° clockwise rotation in the basin indicates that the deformation front of the Tibetan plateau had propagated into the currently deforming region northeast of the plateau.     

夏半年青藏高原“湿池”的水汽分布及水汽输送特征

采用1948-2007年共计60年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料.计算了夏半年(4-9月)青藏高原大气中的可降水量、水汽输送通量和水汽输送通量散度,分析了夏半年青藏高原可降水量的分布和变化特征,青藏高原及其附近的水汽输送.结果表明:在对流层中层的青藏高原上空,夏季是一个明显的大气水汽含量高中心,"湿池"特征非常显著,湿池主要有三个大的可降水量中心,即高原的西南部、东南部和高原南侧.4-9月,高原上的可降水量变化很大,高原的增湿的速度小于减湿的速度.水汽进人高原主要通过三条水汽通道,即西风带水汽输送通道、印度洋-孟别拉湾水汽通道和南海-孟加托湾水汽通道.水汽主要在高原西南侧、喜马拉雅山中段和高原东南侧进入高原.     

青藏高原湖泊Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Mg/Ca盐度指示意义的初步分析

总结了青藏高原地区400多个湖泊湖水的Mg2+、Ca2+和Mg/Ca等水化指标与湖水盐度的相关关系,以及这种关系随着湖水变化(不同采样时间和采样点以及自然蒸发)而产生的变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原湖泊湖水的Mg2+浓度与盐度具有较为稳定的正相关关系,而Ca2+和Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性较弱.在对于某一特定水化学类型的湖泊,一般碳酸盐型湖泊的Mg2+、Ca2+以及Mg/Ca等指标与盐度均没有明显的相关性;硫酸盐型湖泊中Mg2+浓度和盐度呈现较高的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍很弱;而在氯化物型湖泊中,Mg2+浓度与盐度呈更高的正相关性,Ca2+浓度也与盐度呈一定的正相关性,Mg/Ca这一指标与盐度的相关性依然很弱.而对某一特定湖泊,在不同演化阶段或不同的采样地点,Mg2+浓度与盐度仍然保持明显的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍然不稳定或很弱.在青藏高原作古环境重建应用的时候,湖水Mg2+浓度是古盐度一个较好的转换指标,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca的古盐度指示意义相对较弱.     

2000年以来青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的响应关系

青藏高原星罗密布的湖泊对气候变化十分敏感,在自然界水循环和水平衡中发挥着重要作用.以MODIS MOD09A1和SRTM DEM为数据源,提取了2000-2016年青藏高原丰水期面积大于50 km²的湖泊边界,从内外流分区、湖泊主要补给来源和湖水矿化度三个方面对2000年以来湖泊面积变化进行分析,并结合青藏高原近36年气象数据,根据气象要素变化趋势分区,初步探讨青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的关系.结果表明：青藏高原面积大于50 km²的138个湖泊整体扩张趋势显著,总面积增加2340.67 km²,增长率为235.52 km²/a.其中,扩张型湖泊占67.39%,萎缩型湖泊占12.32%,稳定型湖泊占20.29%.内流湖扩张趋势显著,外流湖扩张趋势较明显;以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊整体扩张趋势明显,以地表径流和河流补给为主要补给源的湖泊也呈扩张趋势;盐湖和咸水湖以扩张为主,淡水湖的扩张、萎缩和稳定三种类型较均衡.在青藏高原气候暖湿化方向发展背景下,湖泊面积变化与气候要素具有显著的区域相关性.气温和降水变化趋势分区结果表明,气温增加、降水增加强趋势的高原Ⅰ区湖泊扩张程度（78.18%）依次大于气温降低、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅴ区（66.67%）,气温、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅱ区（60.78%）,气温呈降低、降水量呈增加强趋势的Ⅳ区（58.83%）和气温呈增加、降水量呈减少趋势的Ⅲ区（50.00%）.湖泊面积变化对气候变化响应研究表明,升温引起的冰雪融水补给对Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区湖泊面积扩张的影响显著,加之降水量的增加,湖泊扩张速率明显;Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区湖泊面积扩张主要受降水量增加影响显著.整体而言,气温主要影响以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊,降水量主要影响以降水和地表径流为主要补给来源的湖泊.     

2008年汶川8.0级地震孕震机理研究

用三维流变非连续变形与有限元相结合（DDA+FEM）的方法,在青藏高原及邻近地区三维构造块体相互制约的大背景中,考虑了龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度和分层的明显变化,及断裂带东侧四川盆地及鄂尔多斯块体坚硬地壳阻挡的影响,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约束,计算得到研究区的速度场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本一致.在此基础上,模拟计算现今构造块体边界断层上表征剪应力及法向应力等综合影响的危险度分布.结果表明,上、中地壳层危险度分布中危险度较高的地段多数与近几十年来发生的七级以上大震区域基本一致.包括2008年汶川8.0级等大震的发震断层.通过分别对龙门山断裂带东西两侧的两种不同构造格局进行试算表明,龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度、分层与物性明显变化对汶川大震的孕育发生均起了关键性作用.计算得到的应变率强度分布图可见,高原东部整个边缘地带均接近应变率强度的陡变带.其中以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显,西侧应变率强度是东侧的近4倍,而且断裂带东侧应变率强度等值线衰减比西侧快.反映了汶川大震逆冲型发震断层地区独特的特征.此外,由计算得到的应变能密度分布图可见,龙门山断裂带在上、中地壳层中均位于宽度相同、其走向与龙门山断裂带走向一致的高应变能密度带中,在上地壳层这个带的东西两侧则是应变能密度较低的地区,而在中地壳层,其强度在断裂带东侧逐渐向东衰减,西侧应变能密度高,而东侧应变能密度较低.表明在印度板块强烈推挤作用和高原各构造块体相互制约及龙门山断裂带东西两侧特殊构造环境中,高原地壳物质向东水平运动,受到龙门山断裂带东侧介质刚性强度较大的四川盆地阻挡,使得汶川大震发震断层在大震前已积累了相当水平的应变能,并同时处于力学上的不稳定状态.     

青藏高原南部及邻区深部碳释放规模与成因

不同构造背景下的深部碳释放通量与机制研究对于深刻理解长时间尺度的气候变化具有重要意义,以往的相关研究多集中在洋中脊、大洋俯冲带和大陆裂谷等地质单元,缺少对大陆碰撞带深部碳释放规模与机理的关注,从而制约了对大陆碰撞带深部碳循环过程及其气候环境效应的进一步认识。青藏高原起源于印度和欧亚大陆的碰撞,是研究大陆碰撞带深部碳循环的理想地区。为此,在近年来青藏高原温室气体释放野外观测与研究的基础上,本文估算了高原南部及邻区火山-地热区的CO₂释放规模并探讨了其释放模式。气体He-C同位素地球化学与温泉水热活动特征等显示,青藏高原南部及邻区的深部碳释放主要受深部岩浆房、断裂和浅部水热系统等因素的控制。依据深部流体源区和上升运移控制因素的差异,可以将青藏高原南部及邻区的深部碳释放划分为三大类:(1)以壳内水热系统脱碳为主的藏南地区;(2)深大断裂控制的以水热系统脱碳为主的川西地区;(3)深部岩浆房和浅部水热系统共同控制的滇西南地区。青藏高原南部土壤微渗漏CO₂释放通量介于18.7~52.3Mt/yr之间,温泉溶解无机碳释放通量约为0.13Mt/yr;高原邻区的川西、滇东南断裂带温泉CO₂释放规模为0.1Mt/yr;腾冲火山区CO₂释放通量介于4.5~7.1Mt/yr之间。本研究认为,青藏高原南部及邻区每年向大气圈释放CO₂的规模为23.4~59.6Mt,这一规模与全球其他构造背景(如洋中脊、大洋俯冲带、大陆裂谷等)火山区深部碳释放规模相当,表明以青藏高原为代表的大陆碰撞带是地质源CO₂释放的重要场所。     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Cloud Systems over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and East China: A Cloud-resolving Model Study

The seasonal and diurnal variations of cloud systems are profoundly affected by the large-scale and local environments. In this study, a one-year-long simulation was conducted using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP) and two subregions of Eastern China: Southern East China and Central East China. Deep convective clouds (DCCs) rarely occur in the cold season over ETP, whereas DCCs appear in Eastern China throughout the year, and the ETP DCCs are approximately 20%?30% shallower than those over Eastern China. Most strong rainfall events (precipitation intensity, PI> 2.5 mm h^?1) in Eastern China are related to warm-season DCCs with ice cloud processes. Because of the high elevation of the ETP, the warm-season freezing level is lower than in Eastern China, providing favorable conditions for ice cloud processes. DCCs are responsible for the diurnal variations of warm-season rainfall in all three regions. Warm-season DCCs over the ETP have the greatest total cloud water content and frequency in the afternoon, resulting in an afternoon rainfall peak. In addition, rainfall events in the ETP also exhibit a nocturnal peak in spring, summer, and autumn due to DCCs. Strong surface heat fluxes around noon can trigger or promote DCCs in spring, summer, and autumn over the ETP but produce only cumulus clouds in winter due to the cold and dry environment.     

青藏高原隆升及其环境效应

“青藏高原形成演化及其环境资源效应”项目选择青藏高原为典型地区,特别注意高原与毗邻地区的联系,以从全球尺度探讨高原的各种过程,目标集中在大陆碰撞过程和高原隆升过程,以过程为主线贯通碰撞机制、环境变化和资源分布规律的研究;时间上着重新生代以来,在不同精细时间尺度上定量地描述碰撞和隆升的动态过程及环境变化。运用地球科学、生命科学、环境科学及各学科之间有机交叉、综合研究的方法,开展大陆碰撞动力学、环境变化、现代表生过程及各圈层相互作用等重大理论问题的研究,为青藏高原地区的资源开发和环境调控提供科学依据。按照统观全局、突出重点的原则,项目主要研究内容包括以下4个方面：大陆岩石圈碰撞过程及其成矿效应;高原隆升过程与东亚气候环境变化;青藏高原现代表生过程及相互作用机理;青藏高原区域系统相互作用的综合研究。在完成研究计划任务的基础上,项目取得如下的突出研究成果和创新性进展：印度大陆与欧亚大陆初始碰撞时限;青藏高原南北缘山盆岩石圈尺度的构造关系;青藏高原整合构造模型与成矿成藏评价;新生代高原北部重大的构造变形隆升事件序列;高原周边环境变化事件及高原隆升对亚洲季风发展变化的影响;高分辨率气候动态过程及变化趋势;高原主要生态系统碳过程对气候变化的响应;高原气候变化及冰冻圈变化与预测;高原土地覆被变化、恢复整治及管理。