Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns in a glaciated mountain environment

So-called “ribbon forests” have been attributed to snowdrift patterns and fire history without reference to geomorphology [Vegetatio 19 (1969) 192.]. This paper illustrates how site conditions of geomorphology and geology explain the origin of ribbon forests. In Glacier National Park, MT (USA), regional tectonic uplift associated with the Laramide Orogeny produced structural features that amplify lithologic differences. Pleistocene glaciation scoured deeply along the strike of bedding planes, highlighting this pattern and in some cases producing fine-scale parallel finger lakes between forested ribbon strips.Twelve ribbon forest sites on both sides of the Continental Divide were closely studied on stereoscopic aerial photographs, and several of these sites were examined in the field or from helicopter overflights. In all cases, geologic and geomorphic conditions explain the location and distribution of the ribbon forests. Change-detection of the distribution of trees versus nontree-covered surfaces in an area of ribbon forest on Flattop Mountain, a complex uplifted synclinal structure, was undertaken using panchromatic, low-altitude aerial photographs from 1966 to 1991. Areas changed from forest to meadow and from meadow to forest in roughly equal amounts in a generally random spatial pattern. No evidence was seen to suggest that the creation of one ribbon eventually created another downwind, as suggested by Billings. Aerial photograph interpretation, field examination and soils analyses of forest ribbons and adjacent unforested meadows clearly illustrated that trees occupy higher, parallel to subparallel, well-drained sites where the spatial pattern is in turn a distinct reflection of the spatial pattern of structure and stratigraphy. Meadows occupy topographically lower positions between ridges where erosion along bedding plane strike was concentrated. Topography sets conditions that allow tree growth in certain locations while precluding it in immediately adjacent areas. Ribbon forests there are thus a spatial manifestation of the interaction between structure, lithology, and topography.     

Cenomanian–Turonian carbonate platform deposits in west central Jordan

We studied upper Albian to Turonian shallow-marine shelf deposits (Ajlun Group) of west central Jordan along a NNE-SSW running transect. The carbonate-dominated succession includes few siliciclastic intercalations, claystones and shales, and can be subdivided into five formations. The Naur, Fuheis and Hummar Formations of upper Albian to upper Cenomanian age represent shallow subtidal to supratidal platform environments. The uppermost Cenomanian to middle Turonian Shueib Formation includes deeper water deposits of the inner/mid-shelf and locally TOC-rich black shales. Shallow-marine platform environments once again dominate the Wadi As Sir Formation (middle-upper Turonian). A new multibiostratigraphic framework is based on ammonites (mainly of the middle Cenomanian rhotomagense Zone to the middle Turonian woollgari Zone) and calcareous nannofossils (biozones CC 9–CC 11), supplemented by benthic and planktonic foraminifers and ostracods. It forms the base of a sequence stratigraphic subdivision, containing eight sedimentary sequences (S1–S8), which are separated by four Cenomanian sequence boundaries (CeJo1–CeJo4) and three Turonian sequence boundaries (TuJo1–TuJo3). This scheme allows the correlation of the platform succession from distal to proximal shelf areas in contrast to previous correlations using lithologic units. Furthermore, comparisons between the platform successions and sequence patterns of west central Jordan and those from neighbouring areas allow to differentiate local, regional, and global controlling factors of platform development within the study area.     

Effects of tectonics and lithology on long profiles of 16 rivers of the southern Central Massif border between the Aude and the Orb (France)

The analysis of longitudinal profiles of river channels and terraces in the southern Central Massif border, between the Aude and the Orb, allows the detection of anomalies caused by lithology and/or tectonic distortions. The rivers which have abnormally high slope and non-lithological knickzones indicate the main uplifted zones: the Montagne Noire and the Saint-Chinian ridge. A geomorphological and sedimentological analysis of detrital deposits was carried out as a basis for correlating the different formations, reconstructing the palaeodrainage and finding the main uplift and fluvial incision stages. During the Miocene, uplift remains limited as it is shown by the correlative fine deposits in the Languedocian piedmont. The Messinian incision (5.7–5.3 Ma) does not cross the Saint-Chinian ridge. On the other hand, fluvial incision becomes widespread in the Montagne Noire during the Upper Pliocene (3.4–2 Ma) when coarse deposits overlie either the Pliocene clay in the Orb palaeovalley or the Messinian conglomerates at the Cesse outlet. An Upper Pliocene uplift of the Montagne Noire and of the Saint-Chinian ridge is the cause of this incision and also of the diversion of the Cesse towards the Aude. Where the uplift rate was higher than incision rate, knickzones have developed like in the Avant-Monts south-side. The knickzones of lithological origin maintain a strong vertical stability during all the river incision stages. On the other hand, those of tectonic origin or base level lowering record upstream migration and their rate of retreat is controlled by the river discharge. As incision occurs only during the cold/temperate transition periods during the Quaternary, upward erosion slowly migrates (15 km since the Upper Pliocene, on the Orb) and so does not reach the riverheads.     

光谱角度填图方法及其在岩性识别中的应用

光谱角度填图（ＳＡＭ）是成像光谱图像处理技术中,对岩石矿物进行谱形识别的主要方法之一,但其应用效果并不十分理想。以内蒙古渣尔泰山为实验区,从岩石实验室反射光谱的相似系数聚类分析入手,研究了光谱角度填图方法的优劣,及其产生的原因。探讨了利用均值图像参与分类的处理方案,从而改善了光谱角度填图方法中易于产生“异类同谱”的不足,获得良好的岩性识别效果。     

华北地层大区下寒武统特征岩性组合对比与岩石地层划分

根据华北地层大区下寒武统引用地层单位的特征岩性组合构成及其与鲁中特征岩性组合序列的对比,按照"两灰两红"的沉积格局,建立完整连续的岩石地层单位序列:雨台山组—李官组—余粮村组—馒头组。山西及以西各地的霍山组与馒头组的底部层位相当。     

基于随机森林算法的陆相沉积烃源岩定量地震刻画:以东海盆地长江坳陷为例

烃源岩的定量地震刻画对于勘探开发区块的优选、盆地油气资源量的估算都具有重要意义.陆相沉积环境下的浅湖或半深湖相的烃源岩横向变化快,其空间展布需要依靠钻井约束下的反射地震进行刻画,但是其地震弹性特征与岩性和有机质含量的映射关系呈现高度非线性化,因而很难利用传统基于地震岩石物理模型驱动的烃源岩地震预测方法进行有效刻画.本文...     

胶州湾东北侧岩芯分析

胶州湾是海岸带研究及开发利用的热点之一,已做过大量工作(包含钻探工作),但深入的总结不足。1994年作者对胶州湾东北侧海底和海滩进行了详细钻探,获得了丰富资料。本文作一简要分析。钻探共4个剖面35个钻孔,其中11个孔位于陆域(图1)。大部分钻孔揭穿第四系至基岩强风化层,终孔直径110mm。1　岩性分析综观岩芯,自上至下,由新到老大体划分如下几层,见表1。杂填土　主要分布在近岸,厚约0.00～3.60m,层底标高-0.07～2.95m,主要由城市垃圾和建筑垃圾组成,堆积时间短,结构松散。淤泥　层厚0.80～3.50m,自岸向海逐渐增厚,层底标高-0.23～5.30m,灰…     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200151X

The unconformity surface at the bottom of the Paleogene is one of the most important migration pathways in the Sikeshu Sag of the Junggar Basin,which consists of three layers：upper coarse clastic rock,lower weathering crust and leached zone.The upper coarse clastic rock is characterized by higher density and lower SDT and gamma-ray logging parameters,while the lower weathering crust displays opposite features.The transport coefficient of the unconformity surface is controlled by its position in respect to the basal sandstone; it is higher in the ramp region but lower in the adjacent uplifted and sag areas.The content of saturated hydrocarbons increases with the decrease of the content of nonhydrocarbons and asphaltenes.The content of benzo[c] carbazole decreases as the content of benzo[a]carbazole and [alkyl carbazole]/[alkyl ＋ benzo carbazole] increases.This suggests that the unconformity surface is an efficient medium for the transportation of hydrocarbons.     

Possible link between weak bottom simulating reflections and gas hydrate systems in fractures and macropores of fine-grained sediments: Results from the Hikurangi Margin,New Zealand

Small amounts of free gas in interstitial sediment pores are known to significantly lower compressional (P-) wave velocity (Vp). This effect, combined with moderately elevated Vp from the presence of gas hydrates, is usually thought to be the cause for the often observed strong negative reflection coefficients of bottom simulating reflections (BSRs) at the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS). At several locations however, weak BSRs have been observed, which are difficult to reconcile with a presence of gas in sediment pores. We here present a rock physics model for weak BSRs on the Hikurangi Margin east of New Zealand. Thin sections of a fine-grained mudstone sample from a submarine outcrop in the vicinity of a weak BSR show macroscopic porosity in the form of fractures and intrafossil macropores. We apply the Kuster-Toksöz theory to predict seismic velocities for a rock with water-saturated interstitial micropores and gas or hydrates in macroscopic pore space simulating fractures or compliant macropores. We match field observations of a weak BSR with a reflection coefficient of −0.016 with two end-member models; (1) rocks with gas hydrate-filled voids with a concentration of <4% of bulk sediment overlying water-filled voids, or (2) fully gas-saturated voids at a concentration of <2% beneath water-filled voids. A natural system is likely to consist of a combination of these end-members and of macroporosity filled with a mixture of water and gas or hydrate. Our results suggest weak BSRs may be caused by gas hydrate systems in fractures and macropores of fine-grained sediments with fully water-saturated interstitial pore space. Gas may be supplied into the macroscopic pore space by diffusion-driven short-range migration of methane generated within the gas hydrate stability field or, our favoured model based on additional geologic considerations, long-range advective migration from deeper sources along fractures.     

东乡铜矿剥离断层系统及其控矿意义

东乡铜矿床主要控岩控矿断裂系统属于剥离断层系统，主要矿体赋存于剥离断层系统各断裂破碎带由陡变缓处，剥离断层形成较早，持续活动时间长，可为矿液活动提供通道，为地层中成矿物质活化提供热动力，也是矿液沉淀的有利场所，对东乡铜矿寻找接替资源意义重大。