刘家湾滑坡特征及成因机制探讨

刘家湾滑坡位于青川东河口红光乡刘家湾,为汶川地震触发的特大型岩质山体滑坡。野外调查结果表明,该滑坡堆积体与一般汶川地震滑坡运动堆积体迥异的是滑体在沿碳质板岩与白云岩划分带破坏溃滑后,滑源区又沿白云岩风化卸荷带触发了二次溃滑,形成二级堆积平台的形态且以不同岩性区分,在岩性划分带及风化卸荷带呈现出明显的动力破坏特性。通过对该滑坡堆积体进行岩体物理力学试验及波速测试研究表明,该滑坡由白云岩、碳质板岩及千枚岩组成的内硬外软岩质边坡具有明显的量化差异特性,强震条件下差异岩性组合边坡岩层接触面的动力突变效应耦合凸出地形是导致该边坡破坏的主要因素。近一步研究显示该滑坡运动可大致分山体震裂阶段、地质分界面应力突变阶段、高速溃滑阶段、碎屑流堆积阶段、二次溃滑堆积5个动力过程。     

用地球物理测井方法识别碳酸盐岩储集层的岩性及孔隙结构——以巴西深海J油田案例

位于巴西深J油田的盐下碳酸盐岩岩性及孔隙结构的识别对于区域储层的分布规律十分重要,但由于海外资料的获取量有限,如何最大限度地利用已有资料进行精准有效的岩性识别成为难题.本文在已有的各项地质信息资料的基础上,先利用成像测井资料提取出储层内主要岩性典型的结构标准图版,然后探索各类岩性在常规测井曲线上的响应规律,并提取出识别岩性的敏感参数,建立起常规测井参数的交会图法识别规律.确认其应用在全井段识别中取得效果后,进一步利用数据挖掘软件中的决策树技术,组合成交会图-决策树模型法.将此模型应用于实际井资料的处理,利用薄片资料和成像图像进行验证,得到了更高的岩性识别符合率,证实了模型在仅有常规测井资料中的适用性.     

消除背景影响的化探异常圈定方法——以张家口地区为例

由于不同成矿元素在不同岩性地层单元中的背景值存在较大差异,如采用符合正态分布的统计法计算元素异常下限值,会使得矿床可能并不分布在圈定的地球化学异常范围内,异常区可能仅是高背景岩石的反映。本文以张家口1∶20万化探扫面数据为例,圈定了Cu、Zn、V、Ti、Ni等受岩性影响较大元素的异常,结果表明传统统计方法所圈元素异常区受岩性控制作用明显。而考虑岩性本底含量的衬度值法所圈异常,不仅能有效避免岩性对异常的控制作用,且能在低背景岩石单元中圈出新异常,具有较好的找矿指示意义。     

安徽池州马头铜钼矿地质特征及蚀变分带

安徽池州马头铜钼矿是长江中下游成矿带中安庆—贵池矿集区内一个典型的铜钼矿床。通过野外地质祥查和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作,对该矿床的蚀变特征及分带进行了深入研究。识别出马头铜钼矿的蚀变类型主要有硅化、绢云母化、钾长石化,其次为黏土化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。矿区围岩蚀变在空间上往往重叠,但具有一定的水平及垂向分带特征,自岩体深部至浅部、自内向外总体表现为面型石英钾长石化带、线型石英钾长石化带和石英绢云母化带。矿（化）体以脉状矿化为主,其中分布较广的石英脉带矿化主要产在石英绢云母化带中,以石英细（网）脉为主,受节理和裂隙控制;而品位较富的细脉浸染状矿化则主要产在面型钾长石化带中。通过研究认为,马头铜钼矿在成矿过程的早期阶段,由于高温、富钾和高pH值的热液流体作用,形成大面积的钾长石化,伴生与面型钾长石化有关的细脉、浸染状矿化;热液演化中期阶段,随着温度持续下降、K＋活度和流体pH值的降低,形成硅化、绢云母化等蚀变类型,并伴随范围较大的细脉-网脉状矿化;热液演化晚期阶段,主要形成碳酸盐化,而相应的矿化作用不显著。通过与部分典型斑岩型铜钼矿床的对比研究认为,马头铜钼矿在蚀变类型等方面与斑岩型铜钼矿大体相同,可归至斑岩型成矿体系。     

复杂勘探目标区岩性预测技术及其在海拉尔盆地乌南地区的应用

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷南部地区构造和断裂复杂,多物源,短物源,相变快,因而导致下白垩统南屯组岩性有利目标区预测难度大。根据层序地层学和坡折带理论,以地震资料为基础,建立了一套新的地震精细解释、复杂勘探目标区岩性体识别及三维可视化刻画等全三维地震解释技术体系。认为乌东斜坡发育三个坡折带,第三坡折带下倾方向和第二坡折带具备形成岩性油气藏的地质条件,应用频谱分析和三维可视化技术在乌东斜坡带南屯组识别有利扇体10个,面积145km2,部署探井5口,其中4口获工业性油流,1口获低产工业性油流,探井符合率100%。     

Triassic platform-margin deltas in the western Barents Sea

The Early to Middle Triassic in the Barents Sea was dominated by prograding transgressive-regressive sequences. Internal clinoform geometries indicate that sediments were derived from the Baltic Shield in the south and the Uralian Mountains in the east and southeast. These systems were formed in a large, relatively shallow epicontinental basin, where modest variations in relative sea-level relocated the shoreline significantly. This study shows the development of strike elongated depositional wedges that thicken just basinward of the platform-edge. Seismic facies and time-thickness maps show the position and development of platform-margin delta complexes within each sequence. Seismic clinoforms and trajectory analysis show significant lateral variation from the axis of the delta complex to areas adjacent to the main delivery system. Frequent toplap geometries are observed in proximity to coarse-grained deposits, while aggradation of seismic clinoforms characterizes areas laterally to the platform-margin deltas. Complex shifts in depocenters are revealed by large-scale compensational stacking pattern and relict platform breaks. Locally, relict breaks are created due to pre-existing paleo-topography. Platform-margin deltas can be identified by careful mapping of clinoform geometries, clinoform angles and trajectories. However, seismic analysis of prograding clinoform units indicate that the shoreline and delta complexes commonly are positioned landward of the platform-edge. Deposition of platform-margin deltas is sometimes caused by locally increased sediment supply during slightly rising relative sea-level, and occasionally caused by a regional drop in relative sea-level with significant shelf bypass.Development, position, thickness and facies distribution of platform deltas and platform-margin deltas of very broad low-relief basins, like the Triassic of the epicontinental Barents Sea basin, are strongly sensitive to changes in relative sea-level due to rapid emergence and submergence of wide areas, and to changes in position of major rivers supplying sand to the delta systems. In this respect, the depositional model of the present study deviates from models of clinoform successions obtained from small and narrow basins or siliciclastic platforms with high coarse-clastic sediment supply.     

Preservation potential of seasonal laminated deposits as a useful tool for environmental analysis in mesotrophic Lake Kizaki,central Japan

In this paper discusses the aquatic environment at Lake Kizaki, central Japan, during the last ca. 60 years and describes the importance of laminated sediments in environmental analyses. The flux of total algal carbon increased between 1965 and 1996 while the BSi flux, which can be used in diatom production, showed a larger increase between 1960 and 1998 than typically occurs on average. The flux of dinosterol, an indicator of dinoflagellate production, also increased from 1966 to 1998, and the sedimentary dinoflagellate record correlated with observations of freshwater red tides caused by dinoflagellate blooms. Parallel laminated sediment was determined to have appeared between 1960 and 1995, corresponding to a period of high total algal carbon levels and BSi fluxes. For lamina formation and its preservation process, the thickness of the oxygen-poor layer depended on excessive total algal production during stagnant periods and appeared to be important because nutrients were diffused and accumulated in the oxygen-poor layer from bottom sediments. This could result in diatom blooms at the next overturn period. The development of the thick oxygen-poor layer appeared to be triggered primarily by the presence of excessive nutrients generated by human activities. In general, the occurrence of laminated sediments can provide a useful tool for understanding the eutrophic state in Lake Kizaki.     

Electrical properties and geochemistry of carbonate rocks from the Qasr El‐Sagha Formation,El‐Faiyum,Egypt

Understanding petrographical, geochemical and electrical properties of rocks is essential for investigating minerals. This paper presents a study of the petrographical, geochemical and A.C. electrical properties of carbonate rock samples. The samples collected show six lithostratigraphic rock units. Electrical properties were measured using a non‐polarizing electrode at room temperature (～20°C) and a relative atmospheric humidity of ～50% by weight in the frequency range from 42 Hz to 5 MHz. The difference in electrical properties between the samples was attributed to the change in composition and texture between the samples. Electrical properties generally change with many factors (grain size, chemical composition, grain shape and facies). The dielectric constant decreases with frequency and increases with conductor composition. The conductivity increases with the increase of conductor paths between electrodes. Many parameters can contribute to the same result of the electrical properties. The main objective of the present study is to shed more light on the relation between the texture and geochemical composition of measured samples (carbonates that contain clays and quartz grains) through electrical laboratory measurements (conductivity and dielectric constant as a function of frequency).     

Comparison of geoelectrical imaging and tunnel documentation at the Hallandsås Tunnel, Sweden

For construction in rock a thorough pre-investigation is important in order to avoid unforeseen conditions which may delay the work. It is crucial to remember the results from this investigation in the further work, and use the experience from the construction to update the geological prognosis and reduce the uncertainties. Different geophysical methods have proved valuable tools in such investigations. In this work the electrical imaging is evaluated with regards to the method's applicability. The evaluation is done qualitatively by comparing the electrical imaging with tunnel documentation from a tunnel in Southern Sweden. By evaluating the result continuously when making the tunnel a more detailed geological prognosis can be compiled and used in the continued work with the tunnel. The parameters used for the comparison are lithology, Q, RQD, weathering and water leakage. The result was that virtually every change in electrical resistivity image coincides with a change in rock conditions. The general trend was that high resistivity corresponded with good quality gneiss whereas low resistivity corresponds to poor quality rock e.g., high weathering, low RQD, low Q and/or several lithological contacts. The intermediate resistivity is often amphibolites or rock with water bearing fractures. The results were supported by in-situ resistivity measurements inside the tunnel and resistivity logging in a core drilling. Geoelectrical imaging proved to give valuable information for a detailed geological model, which could be compiled for a section where the tunnel had not yet been drilled as a help for planning of the continued tunnel work. As is the case other geophysical methods it is clear that for the interpretation of data a priori information about the geological setting is necessary.     

Holocene lake-level changes and their reflection in the paleolimnological records of two lakes in northern Estonia

Sediment cores from two neighbouring lakes (Viitna Linajärv and Viitna Pikkjärv) in northern Estonia were studied to determine lake-level fluctuations during the Holocene and their impact on biogeochemical cycling. Organic matter and pollen records dated by radiocarbon and radiolead indicated a water level rise in both lakes during the early Holocene (c. 10 000–8000 BP). A regression followed around 7500 BP and several transgressions occurred during the latter half of the Holocene, c. 6500 and 3000 BP. Human impact during the last centuries has caused short-term lake-level fluctuations and accelerated sediment accumulation in the lakes. The differences in water depth led to variations in sediment formation. During 10 000–8000 BP (Preboreal and Boreal chronozones) mineral-rich sediments with coloured interlayers deposited in L. Linajärv. These sediments indicate intensive erosion from the catchment and oxygen-rich lake, which favoured precipitation of iron oxides and carbonates. Fluctuations in water depth, leaching of nutrients from catchment soils and climatic changes increased the trophy of L. Linajärv around 6000 BP. The subsequent accumulation of gyttja, the absence of CaCO₃ and the decrease in both the C/N ratio and phosphorus content in the sediments also indicate anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion. The similarity in the development of L. Linajärv and L. Pikkjärv and their proximity made it possible to discern the impact of water depths changes on biogeochemical cycling in lakes.