北京小西山及周边地区地质条件对土地利用的影响

通过调查研究区土地利用状况及地质地貌条件得到所需基础数据,然后根据调查数据利MAPGIS办的作出研究区地质图、地貌图及土地利用现状图,进行对比分析。认为不同地质条件下,对应不同的土地利用方式,应根据区域地质条件,规划设计合理的土地利用方式。     

Effect of lithology and structure on seismic response of steep slope in a shaking table test

Studies on landslides by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake showed that topography was of great importance in amplifying the seismic shaking, and among other factors, lithology and slope structure controlled the spatial occurrence of slope failures. The present study carried out experiments on four rock slopes with steep angle of 60° by means of a shaking table. The recorded Wenchuan earthquake waves were scaled to excite the model slopes. Measurements from accelerometers installed on free surface of the model slope were analyzed, with much effort on timedomain acceleration responses to horizontal components of seismic shaking. It was found that the amplification factor of peak horizontal acceleration, RPHA, was increasing with elevation of each model slope, though the upper and lower halves of the slope exhibited different increasing patterns. As excitation intensity was increased, the drastic deterioration of the inner structure of each slope caused the sudden increase of RPHA in the upper slope part. In addition, the model simulating the soft rock slope produced the larger RPHA than the model simulating the hard rock slope by a maximum factor of 2.6. The layered model slope also produced the larger RPHA than the homogeneous model slope by a maximum factor of 2.7. The upper half of a slope was influenced more seriously by the effect of lithology, while the lower half was influenced more seriously by the effect of slope structure.     

天津市奥陶系热储层地热流体水化学特征及其主要影响因素

天津境内在宝坻断裂以南的广大平原区,蕴藏着丰富的中低温地热资源.在水平方向上地热流体自北东向南西矿化度逐渐增高,水质渐趋复杂.其中奥陶系热储层是位于最上层的基岩裂隙型热储层、紧邻上覆的孔隙型热储层.其地热流体的矿化度变化范围是天津地区所有热储层中最大的、水化学类型也出现天津地区所有热储层中所独有的高硫、高钙水型:SO4·Cl-Na·Ca.本文以分布在沧县隆起区中南部的奥陶系地热井为研究重点,通过地热流体水质检测、岩性化学分析、淋溶实验等手段,分析了形成奥陶系水质的主要影响因素.     

Sedimentation processes and new age constraints on rifting stages in Lake Baikal: results of deep-water drilling

 With this paper we present a first attempt to combine the direct results on lithology, composition and age dating in the boreholes BDP-93, BDP-96 and BDP-97 with geological and seismic data from the areas where those sections were drilled. The sedimentary environments represented by the BDP boreholes are markedly different and possess characteristic lithological features. The results of the deep drilling provide the essential means for testing numerous age models used in geological reconstructions of the Lake Baikal rifting dynamics. Neither the basin-wide unconformity interpreted from seismic data, nor the interpreted change from shallow-water to deep-water facies at the boundary of the seismic stratigraphic complexes were found in the BDP-96 boreholes on Academician Ridge. Also, lithology does not support the proposed reconstructions of intense lake level fluctuations and transgressions during the Pliocene at Academician Ridge. The continuous deep-water hemipelagic sedimentation at Academician Ridge has existed for the past 5 Ma. The beginning of an intense rifting phase of the Neobaikalian sub-stage and related drastic changes in sedimentation processes were interpreted on seismic sections as the basin-wide unconformity B10. Different age estimates for this boundary ranged from Late Pliocene (3.5 Ma) to Plio-Pleistocene boundary. As shown by BDP-96 borehole, B10 is associated with a lithological change from diatomaceous ooze to dense silty clay and not with an erosional contact. The new age for this boundary in BDP-96 is approximately 2.5 Ma. This new age constraint suggests that the upper sedimentary strata of Northern Baikal (1.5–1.7 km thick) have formed during the past 2.5 Ma with average sedimentation rates of 60–70 cm/ka. The BDP-93 boreholes at Buguldeika suggest that uplift in Primorsky Range took place prior to 1.07–1.31 Ma, a date which exceeds the age of previous geological models. Received: 12 March 1999 / Accepted: 10 February 2000     

山西侏罗纪地层与沉积相分析研究与进展

侏罗纪地层为中国内陆沉积盆地油气富集的主要时期地层。通过在前人的研究基础上大量收集露头资料以野外剖面实测为重点,对山西不同地区侏罗纪地层不同组进行岩性、岩相、沉积特点及环境等分析,描述出不同地区各个组的沉积特点。划定山西侏罗纪地层划分为早侏罗永定庄组,中侏罗大同组、云岗组、天池河组,缺失晚侏罗地层;对沉积相进行系统分析,确定山西侏罗纪地层与鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪地层具有等时性,且空间上为鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪地层的边缘沉积,油气勘探前景不乐观。     

树分类器在测井岩性评价中的应用

 利用测井资料进行岩性定量识别,分类方法的设计是决定分类结果好坏的关键。本文讨论了树分类器与产生式规则相结合的方法在岩性分类中的应用。利用数据完整的测井曲线参与树分类器的学习、判别工作,用树分类器进行岩性的“逐级识别”,不完整的特征交由定性规则处理,既实现了岩性的细分,且保证了分类的精度。     

利用夷平面的变形进行断陷地块构造反演——以京西北蔚广盆地南缘断裂带为例

当前活动断层研究主要关注单条断层本身,如果将研究尺度拓展到活动地块,则可以整体上更好地理解各断层活动的关联性。利用层状地貌面累积的构造变形来反演活动地块构造运动是一种行之有效的方法。近两年,国产高分卫星产出了海量、高分辨率的影像资料,与此同时GIS 平台与技术也得到了快速的发展,这些都为利用华北山地夷平面反演京西北盆岭构造区内断陷地块的构造运动提供了契机。本文基于国产GF2卫星1 m 全色与4 m 多光谱影像、1∶50 000 数字线划地图,借助ArcGIS 平台,解译出蔚广盆地南缘断裂带上升盘地块 中发育有典型的甸子梁面、唐县面两期夷平面,提取出了能够反映它们构造变形的定量参数,对其构造变形规律进行的分析表明：北东向断裂（F）贯通了蔚广盆地及其西南方的灵丘盆地,相应地将前者的上升盘地块划分为东西两个次级地块,并使得前者的主边界断裂在此 发生应变分解,并将部分应变传递给了灵丘断陷盆地系统。蔚广盆地及其周缘邻区的断陷盆地统一地受到南东-北西向区域引张应力场的作用,相应地形成了以北东向为主的断层形迹。岩性的差异造成了断层F两侧两种不同的断块运动方式,F西侧在太古代变质基底内发生断陷,使得断块整体掀斜,而在F 东侧,燕山期侵入花岗岩体阻碍了断块的整体掀斜,断块通过调整其运动方式,使得掀斜程度从边缘向内部逐渐降低,F 作为调节断层,衔接了其两侧两种不同变形方式。     

刘家湾滑坡特征及成因机制探讨

刘家湾滑坡位于青川东河口红光乡刘家湾,为汶川地震触发的特大型岩质山体滑坡。野外调查结果表明,该滑坡堆积体与一般汶川地震滑坡运动堆积体迥异的是滑体在沿碳质板岩与白云岩划分带破坏溃滑后,滑源区又沿白云岩风化卸荷带触发了二次溃滑,形成二级堆积平台的形态且以不同岩性区分,在岩性划分带及风化卸荷带呈现出明显的动力破坏特性。通过对该滑坡堆积体进行岩体物理力学试验及波速测试研究表明,该滑坡由白云岩、碳质板岩及千枚岩组成的内硬外软岩质边坡具有明显的量化差异特性,强震条件下差异岩性组合边坡岩层接触面的动力突变效应耦合凸出地形是导致该边坡破坏的主要因素。近一步研究显示该滑坡运动可大致分山体震裂阶段、地质分界面应力突变阶段、高速溃滑阶段、碎屑流堆积阶段、二次溃滑堆积5个动力过程。     

Core lithologies and their constraints on gas-hydrate occurrence in the East Sea, offshore Korea: Results from the site UBGH1-9

Drilling at the site UBGH1-9, offshore Korea in 2007, revealed varied gas-hydrate saturation with depth and a wide variety of core litholgies, demonstrating how the variations in the lithology are linked with those in gas-hydrate saturation and morphology. Discrete excursions to low chlorinity values from in situ background chlorinity level occur between 63 and 151 mbsf. In this occurrence zone, gas-hydrate saturations estimated from the low chlorinity anomalies range up to 63.5% of pore volume with an average of 9.9% and do not show a clear depth-dependent trend. Sedimentary facies analysis based on grain-size distribution and sedimentary structures revealed nine sediment facies which mainly represent hemipelagic muds and fine- to medium-grained turbidites. According to the sedimentary facies distribution, the core sediments are divided into three facies associations (FA): FA I (0–98 mbsf) consisting mainly of alternating thin- to medium-bedded hemipelagic mud and turbidite sand or mud beds, FA II (98–126 mbsf) dominated by medium- to very thick-bedded turbidite sand or sandy debris flow beds, and FA III (126–178 mbsf) characterized by thick hemipelagic mud without intervening discrete turbidite sand layers. Thermal anomalies from IR scan, mousse-like and soupy structures on split-core surfaces, non-destructive measurements of pressure cores, and comparison of gas-hydrate saturations with sand contents of corresponding pore-water squeeze cakes, collectively suggest that the gas hydrate at the site UBGH1-9 generally occurs in two different types: “pore-filling” type preferentially associated with thin- to medium-turbidite sand beds in the FA I and “fracture-filling” type which occurs as hydrate veins or nodules in hemipelagic mud of the FA III. Gas-hydrate saturation in the FA II is generally anomalously low despite the dominance of turbidite sand or sandy debris flow beds, suggesting insufficient methane supply.     

Petrology and depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks of Iraq

The study integrates petrographical and lithological data from deep exploration wells and outcrops in northern Iraq to better understand the sedimentary environments present in the basin and to evaluate the depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks in Iraq. The studied Paleozoic successions are represented by five sedimentary cycles of intracratonic sequences. These are dominated mainly by siliciclastic and mixed sedimentary packages, and are separated by major and minor unconformity surfaces. These cycles are as follow: the Ordovician cycle, represented by the Khabour Formation; the Silurian cycle, represented by the Akkas Formation; the Middle-Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Chalki, Pirispiki, Kaista, Ora and Harur formations; the Permian–Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Ga’ara Formation and late Permian cycle, represented by the Chia Zairi Formation. Generally, the cycles are characterized by siliciclastic and mixed carbonate–clastic facies with abrupt changes during Late Paleozoic reflecting the environmental and tectonic events during this period. The Ordovician Khabour Formation is suggested to be of shallow marine environment of deposition with stacked transgressive and regressive cycles that are eustatically controlled. The shale of Silurian Akkas Formation was deposited in open-marine environment. Depositional regimes in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous are considered as a continuation of deposition in the subsiding basin with a wide geographic distribution that reflect the epicontinental or epeiric seas in a homoclinic ramp setting. The Permo-Carboniferous Ga’ara Formation was deposited in continental to paralic environment while the Late Permian Chia Zairi Formation represents the carbonate platform deposition. The study revealed that potential source rocks may include some shale beds of the Khabour Formation, hot shales of Akkas Formation and the shales of Ora Formation. The sandstones of the Khabour, Akkas and Kaista formations have good reservoir potential. The Late Permian carbonates of Chia Zairi Formation may be self-sourcing and contain multiple reservoirs. The occurrence of shale as source rocks and limestone as reservoir rocks and some evaporates as sealing horizons make the formation as a reservoir in its own right.