Progress on Analytical Methods of Amino Sugars in Environmental Samples

As a kind of important biogenic organic matter, amino sugars can effectively provide insights for the source of organic matters and the contribution of bacterial organic matters based on their concentrations and compositions in the environment. A large number of studies on the analysis of amino sugars have been conducted for environmental samples throughout the world. However, comprehensive and systematic reviews of new progress on the analytical method are still rare. From the aspects of pretreatment methods and detection techniques, the advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions of three common methods (eg. gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were systematically summarized. In terms of pretreatment, the process of the gas chromatography is cumbersome and requires derivatization, while the pretreatment of high performance liquid chromatography is relatively simple and easier to automate. In respect of instrument detection, the gas chromatography can detect four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine and muramic acid) simultaneously and is more stable than the high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the infrared spectroscopy method has the advantages of structural qualitative, however, its sensitivity is lower. There is no analytical method that can guarantee both sensitive analysis of amino sugars and experimental efficiency. Therefore, the analytical method should be reasonably selected according to the form of the sample and the requirements in the analysis of amino sugars. Further work should focus on economy, compatibility and online automation of analytical methods, so as to provide technical support for the research on biogeochemical processes of amino sugars in the environment.     

Impact of liquid waste disposal on potable groundwater resources near Perth,Western Australia

 Drilling of 15 boreholes at a disused liquid waste disposal site near Perth, Western Australia, has indicated that a contamination plume extends about 1000 m in a southerly direction from the site in the direction of groundwater flow. The plume is up to 600 m wide and 5–40 m thick. Chemical and microbiological analyses have indicated that contaminated groundwater contains high concentrations of ammonia, iron, and bacteria at levels that commonly exceed national drinking water guidelines. It is likely that a proposed water supply production well in the path of the contamination plume will have to be abandoned, and additional wells may have to be abandoned if the plume continues to extend in the direction of groundwater flow. There is currently insufficient information to indicate whether the plume is continuing to expand, but studies on similar plumes in the Perth metropolitan area have indicated that contaminated groundwater can move at rates up to 100 m yr^–1. Several other liquid waste disposal sites are now located in residential areas of Perth where wells are used for garden irrigation. Further work is required to ensure that there is no potential impact of groundwater contamination on public health in these areas. Received: 31 July 1995 · Accepted: 18 September 1995     

高炉炉渣堆积场建筑稳定性研究

本项目为国内首例对钢渣堆积体的工程力学性质，稳定性及建筑性能诸方面，采用以现场原位测试工程物探为主要手段，进行试验，研究，评估。     

准噶尔盆地石南31井区AVO多属性储层及流体预测

针对石南31井油藏评价过程中存在的问题，首先通过AVO正演证明AVO多属性预测砂体空间展布的可行性，其次优选提取出的AVO属性，对每种属性建立对应的检验标准，采用多数据体、多方法综合标定技术准确标定层位．利用P波数据体以层序地层学的方法原理为指导，建立地层和沉积格架；利用泊松比道积分确定砂体内部物性变化，利用流体检测数据体分析砂体含油气情况，最终综合分析以上3个数据体的结果进行油藏评价．通过以上研究说明在含钙泥岩发育地区，利用AVO多属性储层预测是常规方法的有效补充，而AVO油气检测则存在一定多解性．     

电解质水溶液的结构

本文叙述了盐湖中主要离子Ｌｉ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ＿４￣２－、ＮＯ＿３和纯水的结构，介绍了主要研究方法Ｘ射线衍射．分析了溶液结构研究历史和现状，对溶液结构研究的未来进行了展望．     

察尔汗盐湖盐层及钾矿层的分布规律

含盐系由五个含盐组构成,赋有相应盐层(S_1—S_5)和多层钾盐(K_1—K_8),盐层空间分布受基底构造、古地形、淡水补给状况(乌图美仁河、托拉海河、格尔木河、清水河)控制。固体钾矿层限于达布逊湖,察尔汗区段,低品级。液体钾矿层分层性明显,各品级矿呈多层或单层结构,全境以 a 级矿矿层为主体。     

从液体矿中提取硼的研究进展

评述了目前国内外从盐湖卤水、海水、气田水等含硼体系中提硼的研究方法,特别是对溶剂萃取法进行了深入的探讨与分析。认为酸化沉淀与溶剂萃取法相结合是盐湖卤水提硼最有应用前景的方法之一。     

The environmental risk posed by small dumps of complex arsenic,antimony, nickel and cobalt sulphides

Mine waste dumps sited in the vicinity of mine workings typically consist of fragmented rock masses which in chemical terms may be defined as "complex systems", due to uncertainties in accurately simulating their behaviour, when water or aqueous solutions percolate through them. Remediation of the contamination problems created by abandoned mine dumps concerns many former mining areas from Europe to Africa. These dumps usually range in size from a few hundred thousand up to million cubic meters of rock defined as “waste” but which still contain significant amounts of potentially toxic elements. Although relatively small, they are often densely distributed in the territory impacting on surface and ground-water. This scenario is particularly applicable to the region of Sardinia, Italy, where several small dumps of uncommon sulphide minerals still exist on derelict mine sites. This paper reports on the results of a research project aimed at defining appropriate remedial measures of acid rock drainage. A dump of a Co–Ni–As–Sb complex sulphides mine was investigated and simulated in a laboratory leaching column. The column was irrigated with distilled water and a repetitive behaviour of the polluting elements concentrations in the effluents was observed for each run. Regardless of the campaign duration and the extent of the intervals between tests metal ions concentration peaks (250–50 ppm for Ni, 35–20 ppm for Co, 1.6–0.4 ppm for As, 20–15 ppm for Zn and 0.03–0.002 ppm for Sb) and acidic conditions (pH 2.5–3.5), on resumption of each irrigation, was noticed. As percolation continued, the ion concentrations decreased within the discharge limits after the replacement of only two pore volumes of the column material. This produces the conception that a sufficiently long rainfall period could remediate the polluting effects. Conception contradicted by field experiences: sporadic rainfall events, typical of the region, are not sufficient to completely leach out the metal ions. The repetitive nature of the leaching processes, both quantitatively and qualitatively, can be explained only by the activity of a microflora thriving in the rock mass even during long dry periods. Microbial tests and neutralisation campaigns confirmed this hypothesis and suggested that any effective remediation strategy must take into consideration the interaction between environmental factors with microbiological activities.     

The liquid limit of peat and its application to the understanding of Irish blanket bog failures

Catastrophic failures of blanket bogs, involving the escape and outflow of large volumes of semi-liquid basal peat, are well-known phenomena in Ireland but have only very rarely been reported from elsewhere in the world. Their precise causes and mechanisms are as yet unclear. The liquid limit (w _L) was identified as a potentially useful indicator of the susceptibility of peat to such failure because peat has extremely high natural water contents and, as an index property, w _L takes no account of the properties or structures of highly heterogeneous intact peat. However, the usual procedure for determining the w _L of peat is not fully standardised. Prepared samples will normally include potentially highly reactive particles of disrupted fibres and wood fragments that would not be present in such freshly disintegrated form in the field. This paper presents results from w _L determinations of peat obtained from the scar margins of three bog failures in northwest Ireland, using four different test procedures including a method involving wet-sieving of the peat to separate the humified <425-μm fraction for testing without incorporating artificially fragmented particles of fibres. The sampled peat was classified as H₈–H₁₀ according to the von Post humification scale. The fibre contents varied between the sites, but the ash contents were <3% in all but one test sample, and bulk densities (dry and field-wet) of the peat from all three sites were almost identical. w _L results from the wet-sieving method were 708–785%, compared with 633–980% from the standard method. The highest measured field water contents exceeded the wet-sieved w _L for all three of the field sites. Tests of cone penetration into intact peat cores demonstrated the influence of the reinforcing effect of in situ fibres. The results strongly suggest the need to adopt a fully standardised procedure for determining the w _L of peat. Additional shear vane measurements of intact and remoulded peat from a bog failure in Northern Ireland indicated a very high ‘strength sensitivity’. This leads to the suggestion that a slight disturbance of basal peat can lead to a loss of strength that rapidly propagates as local stresses change and cause further remoulding as water contents exceed w _L.     

原位生成离子液体分散液液萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水样中的莠去津

本文引入绿色溶剂离子液体作为萃取剂,建立了超声辅助-原位生成离子液体分散液液微萃取水样中莠去津的方法。即处理5 m L水溶液样品,以80μL的[HMIM]Cl为萃取剂,加入400μL配对离子交换剂双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂盐(Li NTf2),通过原位生成的疏水性离子液体[HMIM]NTf2,对水中莠去津进行液液微萃取,经辅助超声10 min后4000 r/min离心8 min,结合高效液相色谱测定莠去津。莠去津的检出限为0.01mg/L,方法线性范围为0.01~0.5 mg/L,加标回收率(100.4%~106.7%)显著优于直接离子液体分散液液萃取法(67%)。这种原位生成离子液体微萃取技术有望应用于更广泛的有机污染物分析检测中。