Modeling ionization and recombination from low energy nuclear recoils in liquid argon

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CENNS) is an as-yet undetected, flavor-independent neutrino interaction predicted by the Standard Model. Detection of CENNS could offer benefits for detection of supernova and solar neutrinos in astrophysics, or for detection of antineutrinos for nuclear reactor monitoring and nuclear nonproliferation. One challenge with detecting CENNS is the low energy deposition associated with a typical CENNS nuclear recoil. In addition, nuclear recoils result in lower ionization yields than those produced by electron recoils of the same energy. While a measurement of the nuclear recoil ionization yield in liquid argon in the keV energy range has been recently reported, a corresponding model for low-energy ionization yield in liquid argon does not exist. For this reason, a Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to predict the ionization yield at sub-10 keV energies. The model consists of two distinct components: (1) simulation of the atomic collision cascade with production of ionization, and (2) the thermalization and drift of ionization electrons in an applied electric field including local recombination. As an application of our results we report updated estimates of detectable ionization in liquid argon from CENNS at a nuclear reactor.     

垂直积分液态水含量在地面大风预报中的应用

利用天津塘沽的CINRAD-SA型新一代多普勒雷达体扫描垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)产品资料,结合地面大风灾情报告和实况资料,对地面灾害性大风出现前VIL值的演变、发展情况进行了统计分析。结果表明:VIL值达到30kg/m2是地面灾害性大风出现的阈值,VIL值达到或超过40kg/m2则可以看作是大风的一个预警指标;VIL值达到最大后的快速减小意味着将出现地面灾害性大风,VIL值快速减小后的突然跃增则是地面灾害性大风开始的标志。应用评分系统命中率、误警率、临界成功指数检验了上述预警指标,结果表明VIL产品预警地面灾害性大风是可用的,而且随时间调整阈值大小,可以大大提高地面灾害性大风预警的命中率和临界成功指数;地面灾害大风出现前预报员有12～18min的时间用于发布短时、临界大风天气预报和大风预警。     

Evidence for Amazonian acidic liquid water on Mars—A reinterpretation of MER mission results

The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions have confirmed aqueous activity on Mars. Here we review the analyses of the field-based MER data, and conclude that some weathering processes in Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater are better explained by late diagenetic water-rock interactions than by early diagenesis only. At Meridiani, the discovery of jarosite by MER-1 Opportunity indicates acidic aqueous activity, evaporation, and desiccation of rock materials. MER-based information, placed into the context of published data, point to local and limited aqueous activity during geologically recent times in Meridiani. Pre-Amazonian environmental changes (including important variations in the near-surface groundwater reservoirs, impact cratering, and global dust storms and other pervasive wind-related erosion) are too extreme for pulverulent jarosite to survive over extended time periods, and therefore we argue instead that jarosite deposits must have formed in a climatically more stable period. Any deposits of pre-existent concretionary jarosite surviving up to the Amazonian would not have reached completion in the highly saline and acidic brines occurring at Meridiani. MER-2 Spirit has also revealed evidence for local and limited Amazonian aqueous environmental conditions in Gusev crater, including chemical weathering leading to goethite and hematite precipitation, rock layering, and chemical enhancement of Cl, S, Br, and oxidized iron in rocks and soils. The estimated relative age of the impact crater materials in Gusev indicates that these processes have taken place during the last 2 billion years. We conclude that minor amounts of shallow acidic liquid water have been present on the surface of Mars at local scales during the Amazonian Period.     

An economical optical cloud/fog detector

A new, relatively low cost instrument has been developed to detect the presence of fog or cloud for fog/cloud sampling applications. The instrument uses attenuation of an 880 nm light emitting diode signal to detect cloud/fog drops in the optical path between a sending and receiving arm. Laboratory and field testing under a variety of conditions and fog types were carried out to determine the ability of the optical fog detector (OFD) to accurately detect cloud/fog presence as well as to provide some measure of liquid water content. Results indicated that the OFD provided a reliable estimate of fog presence as well as a reasonable estimate of liquid water content (LWC) under several different conditions. The OFD does appear to have an interference from rain, resulting in an overestimation of LWC during rainfall. This may occasionally give a false positive indication of fog presence.     

格点尺度对TRMM微波成像仪云水数据的影响

选取热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)液态水路径(liquid water path,LWP)轨道像元数据为研究对象,探讨了将瞬时探测以及逐月的像元数据进行格点化(0.1°、0.25°、0.5°、1.0°和2.5°五种格点分辨率)时,格点数据的失真情况。对TMI瞬时探测的个例分析结果表明,细分辨率(0.1°、0.25°和0.5°)格点能保留原始像元数据的细节;而随着网格变粗,细节受到较大的平滑。因此对于中尺度到天气尺度的天气系统分析而言,将卫星轨道数据处理到网格尺度不大于0.5°的格点更合适。对逐月LWP像元资料格点化处理的分析表明,细分辨率格点能保留LWP空间分布细节,尽管5种分辨率下LWP的概率密度分布(probability density function,PDF)均相近。因此,对月尺度及以上的气候分析研究而言,格点尺度大小对卫星像元数据格点化的影响不显著。最后利用本实验室计算的TMI/LWP格点数据与欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析资料(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis,ERA-Interim)和NCEP再分析资料(NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis,NCEP CFSR)进行了对比,发现两种再分析资料都高估了LWP;TMI/LWP格点数据与两种再分析资料LWP的多年变化趋势大致相同。     

Analysis of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines in Ammunition Waste Water and in Aqueous Samples from Former Ammunition Plants and Other Military Sites Analyse von Nitroaromaten und Nitraminen in Munitionsabwasser und wäßrigen Proben ehemaliger Munitionsfabriken und anderen Rüstungsaltlasten

Waste water from ammunition production sites and aqueous samples (ground and surface water) on or near former military sites on which explosives were produced or filled, e.g. into shells, may be contaminated by the original explosives—mainly nitrotoluenes (such as dinitrotoluenes, trinitrotoluene (TNT)) and nitramines (such as hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and tetryl) or hexyl, but also by byproducts and compounds formed by biodegradation of the explosives such as aminonitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols. These compounds can be extracted from aqueous samples by liquid/liquid extraction (using dichloromethane or toluene) or by solid phase extraction using C-18 adsorbents with high recoveries (usually ≥85%) provided they contain only one amino group. Nitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and aminonitrotoluenes (nitrotoluidines) may be determined by gas chromatography (GC) using selective detectors such as an electron capture detector (ECD), a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) or a chemiluminescence detector (thermal energy analyzer, TEA). The use of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under electron impact conditions is even more specific. Detection limits comparable to an ECD or NPD, however, are only achieved if the mass spectrometer is operated under selected ion monitoring (SIM). Nitrophenols are derivatized after extraction by heptafluorobutyric anhydride or by acetic anhydride where the latter method can be directly applied to the aqueous sample. The nitramine explosives, such as RDX, HMX, and tetryl, hexyl, the nitrate esters, such as nitropenta (PETN) and nitroguanidine as well as picric acid cannot, or only with difficulty, be analyzed by gas chromatography. They may be determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. The HPLC analysis can be extended to include also nitrotoluenes and nitroaminotoluenes.     

韧性剪切带中含金石英脉的就位机制

本文以韧性剪切带中含金石英脉的地质特征分析为基础。重点讨论:a.绿片岩相—低角闪岩相环境中的韧性剪切带内,变形岩石的韧—脆性转变既受温度、压力条件控制,又受高压流体相的广泛介入影响。对于多阶段金矿化过程,流体相的存在对岩石力学性质的转变具有更重要的意义;b.Roberts(1987)论述的含矿Riedal裂隙系(D、P、R、R′和T、P′)中不同类型裂隙内含金石英脉的就位机制有很大的差异;c.Ramsay的破裂—愈合机制可以很好地解释沿R、R′、T和某些沿D、P就位的含金石英脉的形成;d.本文作者提出液压扩容破裂机制是沿D、P方向就位的某些含金石英脉的重要就位过程。     

溶液除湿空调系统模拟方法及应用

溶液除湿空调系统由于在改善室内空气品质、利用低温余热、高效蓄能和可实现温、湿度独立控制等方面的突出优点，已经引起广泛的关注，并逐渐应用于工程实践中。本文以上海某生态示范建筑中采用的热泵驱动的溶液除湿空调系统为例，介绍了这种系统的工作原理，并建立了系统模拟的数学模型。通过模拟结果与实测结果的比较，验证了数学模型的可靠性，并应用系统模型对溶液除湿新凤机和再生器的性能进行了深入分析。     

新疆14C年代测定及数据集（I＊）

主要介绍新疆维吾尔自治区地震局放射性同位素碳测年实验室的１４Ｃ测年原理,样品的前处理、样品的化学制备,低水平放射性测量方法及测定年代。首次公布一批１４Ｃ年代测定数据。     

东胜断块系与东胜式铅锌矿床

辽东早元古宙拗拉槽中的铅锌矿床,可划分为层状矿床和脉状矿床两大类。本文论述了后一种类型的典型代表——东胜式铅锌矿床的控矿因素和矿床特征。依据大量地质事实,作者认为:东胜式铅锌矿床的控矿构造是与基底花岗岩活动密切相关的中生代半地堑系;矿质来源于地壳深部液态矿源层;中生代岩浆活动是矿液上升的热动力。综合这三大因素,建立了东胜式矿床的成矿模式。由此,期望对进一步找矿能有一定的指导意义。