Integrated evaluation of urban groundwater hydrogeochemistry in context of fractal behaviour of groundwater level fluctuations

The present study was carried out as part of a complex survey of urban groundwater quality and quantity in Szeged, southeast Hungary. The concentrations of 12 inorganic contaminants in 28 shallow groundwater monitoring wells were determined over a 2-year period (2010–2012). The evaluation of concentrations indicates remarkable contamination all over the city. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to evaluate the spatial changes of groundwater quality. The groundwater levels were measured over a 14-year period (2000–2013). The fractal properties of water level fluctuations time series characterizing the groundwater system and Tisza River were investigated using rescaled range (R/S) analysis. The resulting Hurst exponents clearly showed the persistency and thus long memory effects of both the groundwater and the river flow. Comparison of the results of DA with the results of R/S analysis thus implies that the geological conditions and the changing groundwater quantities are not related to groundwater quality.

EDITOR A. Castellarin

ASSOCIATE EDITOR A. Fiori     

Using principal component analysis in the investigation of groundwater hydrochemistry of Upper Jezireh Basin,Syria

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to hydrochemical and isotopic data of 34 groundwater samples. This allowed the reduction of 20 variables to four significant PCs that explain 81.9% of the total variance; F1 (47.1%) explains the groundwater mineralization, whereas F2 (17%) shows isotopic enrichment and nitrate pollution. Based on an iso-factor scores map of F1, three water zones were delineated: Zone A (F1 < ?1), with fresh groundwater from the unconfined aquifer; Zone B (1 > F1 > ?1), with moderate mineralization from the confined–unconfined aquifer boundary; and Zone C (F1 > 1), with the most mineralized hot water from the confined aquifer. The iso-factor scores map of F2 delineates positive values representing samples from the unconfined aquifer, with freshwater and nitrate contamination associated with stable isotope enrichment, whereas negative values represent samples from the confined aquifer. The results clearly demonstrate the usefulness of PCA in groundwater hydrochemistry investigations.     

Modelling load–displacement response of driven piles in cohesionless soils under tensile loading

A new methodology for deriving the uplift load–displacement response of long driven piles in cohesionless soils is proposed. This method accounts for the effects of the friction fatigue processes during pile driving and the existence of locked-in residual stresses at the end of pile driving before commencing the pile load test. A hyperbolic formulation is utilized to simulate the nonlinear load transfer curves (the so-called t–z curves). The utility of this technique is demonstrated for a field pullout load test on a driven pile in sand. Predicted and measured load–displacement curves showed good agreement, indicating that this approach yields reasonable results as long as representative input parameters are employed.     

常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-·Cl^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺     

大断面切眼主应力差转移规律及支护技术

为解决厚煤层大断面切眼支护难题,选取某煤矿5206切眼为研究对象,采用UDEC模拟研究了切眼宽度为6～10 m的过程中,围岩主应力差、变形、裂隙场的响应特征,结果表明：顶、底、两帮主应力差分布形态均呈浅部逐渐升高、深部降低特征;随着切眼宽增加,顶板主应力差峰值呈先恒定后降低,底板主应力差呈先降低再恒定,而两帮主应力差逐渐升高的趋势;主应力差峰值向深部转移幅度：两帮>顶板>底板。顶板和两帮深部位移曲线呈指数关系向深部递减,而底板深部变形曲线有明显拐点,呈台阶式降低,表面最大位移呈顶板>两帮>底板;围岩裂隙场分3个区：裂隙贯通区、裂隙发育区、微裂隙区,半椭圆状分布,裂隙贯通程度呈中间大于两侧、浅部大于深部。认为：高性能锚杆可以更有效地限制裂隙滑移,双桁架锚索可锚固在顶板肩角无裂隙区和深部预应力叠加区,可有效加强支护顶板,抵消部分主应力差。基于此,提出了高强、高预紧力锚带网和双桁架锚索联合控制技术,支护完成后10 d自稳,顶板累计离层3 mm,顶底板相对移近量125 mm,两帮相对移近量94 mm。     

《地震岩问题》中译本序

近30年(1987—2016)来,中国的软沉积物变形构造及地震岩研究,取得了很大的进展。但是,其研究思想却欠开放。在这一学术领域,几乎是一种观点,即中国期刊刊出的文章和一些出版的专著,几乎都把软沉积物变形构造当作地震岩。为了扭转这个几乎是一种学术观点的局面,Feng等(2016)写了一篇文章《中国软沉积物变形构造及地震岩研究简评》,并把这篇文章发送给国内外的多位专家,抛砖引玉,邀请他们为“软沉积物变形构造及地震岩”专题研讨会写文章,在会上宣读论文,对这些文章及这一专题中的问题进行认真的讨论和争鸣。     

Do paleoclimate proxies agree? A test comparing 19 late Holocene climate and sea‐ice reconstructions from Icelandic marine and lake sediments

Geochemical, mineralogical and biological indicators preserved in sediments are widely used to reconstruct past climate change, but proxies differ in the degree to which their utility as climate indicators has been validated via laboratory experiments, modern spatial calibrations, or down‐core comparisons with instrumental climate data. Multi‐proxy studies provide another means of evaluating interpretations of proxies. This paper presents a multi‐proxy assessment comparing 19 sub‐centennially resolved late Holocene proxy records, covering the period 300–1900 AD, from seven Icelandic marine and lacustrine core sites. We employ simple statistical comparisons between proxy reconstructions to evaluate their correlations over time and, ultimately, their utility as proxies for regional climate. Proxies examined include oxygen isotopic composition of benthic and planktonic foraminifera, abundance of the sea‐ice biomarker IP₂₅, allochthonous quartz in marine sediments (a proxy for drift ice around Iceland), marine carbonate abundance, total organic carbon concentration, chironomid assemblages, lacustrine biogenic silica and carbon/nitrogen ratios in lake sediments. Most of the examined proxy records, including temperature and sea‐ice proxies, correlate strongly with each other over multi‐centennial timescales, and thus do appear to record changes in regional climate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

测量地应力的新方法

论述了用赤平投影学方法分析确定地应力的主方向，用Kaiser效应测量地应力大小。将两者有机结合起来可以克服Kaiser效应测量地应力时，主应力方向难以确定的最大缺点。通过和传统现场地应力测量方法比较，表明该法具有更为简单，更为经济，准确度高等优点，便于大量测量，以寻求工程地区地应力变化规律。     

长江水系水文地球化学特征及主要离子的化学成因

在分析长江流域76个位点的水化学数据的基础上,运用吉布斯(Gibbs)图、三角图、主成分分析方法研究岩性对长江水表河水中离子化学特征的影响和流域的主要风化过程.结果表明,长江水系的主要离子化学特征受岩石风化作用的影响,其中碳酸盐和蒸发岩矿物对干流水系溶质的贡献率分别为43.6%和37.9%,而对支流水系溶质的贡献率分别为33.1%和39.1%.干流流域内主要的风化反应以白云石和方解石的溶解为主,而支流流域内C1~-/(Na~++K~+)接近1:1,体现出蒸发岩风化的显著特性.Si/K比值较低,表明长江流域内的风化反应是在表生环境中进行的,且产物是富含阳离子的次生矿物.     

微波等离子体炬质谱技术快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材

天然石材主要有大理石、花岗岩等;人造石材多以不饱和聚酯树脂为基料,添加适量的无机物粉料和添加剂固化制成。由于石材种类繁多,并且各种石材的岩体所含矿物成分也有差异,当前很少应用化学成分分析方法准确、快速鉴别天然和人造石材,仅有的红外光谱法由于对待测物纯度的要求较高而具局限性。本文基于微波等离子体炬源(MPT)同时具有热解吸与强电离能力,能在短时间内离子化待测物的特点,采用微波等离子体炬质谱(MPT-MS)技术,无需样品复杂预处理直接对天然与人造石材进行分析,获得正离子检测模式下在m/z 50~1000之间的石材的指纹谱图,并运用化学计量学的主成分分析(PCA)方法处理所获取的数据,实现了不同建筑石材的区分。结果表明,MPT-MS能够获得石材丰富的指纹谱图,结合PCA方法能够快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材,天然石材中解吸出的物质主要为CO₂和H₂O的团簇分子;而人造石材中解吸出的主要成分为有机物(人为添加的黏合剂等)。本研究采用的MPT-MS技术无需采用喷雾、激光、基质和加热等方法辅助,并且无需对石材进行任何复杂的处理即可进行质谱分析,从而获取石材表面及内部物质的质谱信息,为快速直接鉴定石材样品提供了一种新的质谱分析方法。