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21.
城市化对北京平均气温的影响 总被引:40,自引:2,他引:40
本文利用北京(观象台)及周围几个气象台站月平均气温资料,滑动平均后,采用主成分分析方法,再进行倾向性分析,探讨了北京城市化对气平均气温的影响,估算对北京(观象台)气温记录的影响约为0.21℃/33a推断市中心二环路以内强烈地影响。 相似文献
22.
DYNAMIC VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAIHU LAKE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ITS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cai Qiming Gao Xiyun Chen Yuwei Ma Shengwei Nanjing Institute of Geography Limnology CAS Nanjing People''s Republic of ChinaMartin Dokulil Institute of Limnology Austria 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(3)
LakeTaihuisalargeshallowlakeinChina,whichpalysanimportantroleinwater-quantityregulation,watersupply,cultivationetc.Withrapiddevelopmentofagricultureandindustryinthearea,alargenumberofpollutantshavebeendischargedintothelake,leadingtoanincreaseinnutrients… 相似文献
23.
基坑开挖与土钉支护的数值模拟 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
运用FLAC程序对深基坑土钉墙支护设计进行了数值模拟,分析了边壁土体的变形大小和土钉应力分布,并与现场实测结果对比,得出基坑顶的水平位移值与实测值相差不大,并对差值进行了分析。在应力方面,改善了土体内应力集中的现象,从而制约了土体的变形。剪应力在支护结构和坡角处有集中现象,在坡角处较为严重。 相似文献
24.
基于遥感信息的土地资源可持续利用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
遥感信息是对自然界的反映,它具有宏观、动态、准确、快速的优点,可以及时提供动态数据。基于遥感信息,对吉林西部土地资源利用状况进行调查,运用主成分分析法,可以不损失或很少损失原有的信息,将原来个数较多而且彼此相关的变量转换为新的个数较少而且彼此独立或不相关的新变量。对土地资源可持续利用进行定量分析研究,指出土地利用中存在的问题,并提出吉林西部土地资源可持续利用发展模式。 相似文献
25.
26.
Irene Sarkar 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2004,22(5):529
The moderate magnitude Chamoli earthquake that occurred in the Garhwal Higher Himalaya, in the early hours of March 29, 1999, caused intense damage to the ground and mountain slopes of the Alaknanda–Mandakini river valley and adjoining region. A systematic survey of this induced damage was conducted immediately after the earthquake occurred. Prominent shallow cracks of significant length, negligible width and indeterminate vertical extent, conspicuously tensile in nature, with little or no slip across the crack planes, were observed in the ground at several places along the surveyed route. These cracks had formed in the dynamic phase of the Chamoli earthquake process that is in the period of time during which the earthquake-generated seismic waves were passing through the geographic region of interest. However, we use the theory of earthquake-induced static (or long time) stress changes to visualize such cracks at some selected sites where ground damage was relatively more intense and varied to suggest lower bound estimates of the dynamic stress contributions of the main shock for their formation.Based on the results of our analysis we conclude that, just prior to the earthquake occurrence, under the influence of the local ambient stress field, the ground at these sites was already near failure in tension. To this, in its dynamic phase, the Chamoli earthquake induced stress perturbations, having, across the planes of the cracks, (i) shear components which were nearly equal and opposite to similar components of the ambient stress field and (ii) normal (tensile) components, necessary for triggering tensile failure of the ground. The σ3 (or minimum principal stress) component of the resultant perturbed failure stress field thus became sufficiently tensile while the transverse stresses became sufficiently insignificant. This facilitated formation of major tensile cracks in the ground there. Our static estimates of the tensile stress changes at the different sites are, in essence, estimates of the minimal triggering stress perturbations that was provided by the Chamoli earthquake in the dynamic state for the formation of the tensile cracks there. 相似文献
27.
Coastline configuration and geomorphologic development mode of arc-shaped coast in South China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1IntroductionArc-shaped bays are quite common on exposed sediment coast in South China, where the crenulate-bay beaches occur with the presence of two consecutive headlands and a predominant wave approach oblique to the alignment of the upcoast and downcoast headlands (Yasso, 1965). Oblique persistent swell striking a shoreline transports sediment alongshore and sculptures a coast into arc-shaped beaches. The shoreline of beach appearance mainly consists of straight segment and shadow segment… 相似文献
28.
基于全球一体化的中原城市群城市竞争力研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
全球化背景下,城市群主导世界经济的趋势不可阻挡,关于城市群的研究随之也越来越受到人们的重视。近几年,中原城市群悄悄崛起,但只是一个雏形,还存在很多问题。为了更好的促进中原城市群的发育,特别是加强城市群内部各城市发挥特长、合理分工、优势互补,进而提升中原地区区域经济的发展水平,文章选用了九大类44项城市竞争力指标,建立了城市竞争力的指标体系,从定量的角度对中原城市群的城市竞争力进行了排序、对比、分析,其城市竞争力排名依次是郑州、济源、洛阳、焦作、漯河、新乡、许昌、平顶山及开封。得到的结论如下:(1)首位城市竞争力强,但还没有发挥核心城市的作用。(2)工业型的城市经济实力竞争力强。(3)农业型城市的经济竞争力较弱。(4)产业竞争力和资金实力是影响城市综合竞争力的主要因子。(5)个别城市的单项指标存在异常点,显现出其优劣势。最后根据分析结果,笔者提出了四点优化对策,为城市群中的城市定位、产业分工、资源优化配置及相应区域互动政策的制定提供决策依据。 相似文献
29.
Edith L Gego P. Steven Porter John S. Irwin Christian Hogrefe S. Trivikrama Rao 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(10):1919-1939
Airborne fine particulate matter across the United States is monitored by different networks, the three prevalent ones presently being the Clean Air Status and Trend Network (CASTNet), the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment Network (IMPROVE) and the Speciation and Trend Network (STN). If combined, these three networks provide speciated fine particulate data at several hundred locations throughout the United States. Yet, differences in sampling protocols and samples handling may not allow their joint use. With these concerns in mind, the objective of this study is to assess the spatial and temporal comparability of the sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations reported by each of these networks. One of the major differences between networks is the sampling frequency they adopted. While CASTNet measures pollution levels on seven-day integrated samples, STN and IMPROVE data pertain to 24-hour samples collected every three days. STN and IMPROVE data therefore exhibit considerably more short-term variability than their CASTNet counterpart. We show that, despite their apparent incongruity, averaging the data with a window size of four to six weeks is sufficient to remove the effects of differences in sampling frequency and duration and allow meaningful comparison of the signals reported by the three networks of concern. After averaging, all the sulfate and, to a lesser degree, ammonium concentrations reported are fairly similar. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand, are still divergent. We speculate that this divergence originates from the different types of filters used to collect particulate nitrate. Finally, using a rotated principal component technique (RPCA), we determined the number and the geographical organization of the significant temporal modes of variation (clusters) detected by each network for the three pollutants of interest. For sulfate and ammonium, the clusters’ geographical boundaries established for each network and the modes of variations within each cluster seem to correspond. RPCA erformed on nitrate concentrations revealed that, for the CASTNet and IMPROVE networks, the modes of variation do not correspond to unified geographical regions but are found more sporadically. For STN, the clustered areas are unified and easily delineable. We conclude that the possibility of jointly using the data collected by CASTNet, IMPROVE and STN has to be weighed pollutant by pollutant. While sulfate and ammonium data show some potential for joint use, at this point, combining the nitrate data from these monitoring networks may not be a judicious choice. 相似文献
30.
Spatial character of the gaseous and particulate state compound correlation of urban atmospheric pollution in winter and summer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XU Xiangde SHI Xiaohui XIE Lian DING Guoan MIAO Qiuju MA Jianzhong ZHENG Xiangdong 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z2)
The spatial/temporal variation information of atmospheric dynamic-chemical processes at observation site points of the "canopy" boundary of Beijing urban building ensemble and over urban area "surface", as well as the seasonal correlation structure of the gaseous and particulate states of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) and its seasonal conversion feature at observation points are investigated, using the comprehensive observation data of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter and summer 2003 with a "point-surface" combined research approach. By using "one dimension spatial empirical orthogonal function (EOF)" principal component analysis (PCA) mode, the seasonal change of gaseous and particulate states of atmospheric aerosols and the association feature of pollutant species under the background of the complicated structure of urban boundary layer (UBL) are analyzed. The comprehensive analyses of the principal components of particle concentrations,gaseous pollutant species, and meteorological conditions reveal the seasonal changes of the complex constituent and structure features of the gaseous and particulate states of UAP to further trace the impact feature of urban aerosol pollution surface sources and the seasonal difference of the component structure of UAP. Research results suggest that in the temporal evolution of the gaseous and particulate states of winter/summer UAP, NOx, CO, and SO2 showed an "in-phase" evolution feature, however, O3 showed an "inverse-phase" relation with other species,all possessing distinctive dependent feature. On the whole, summer concentrations of gaseous pollutants CO, SO2, and NOx were obviously lower than winter ones, especially, the reduction in CO concentration was most distinctive, and ones in SO2 and NOx were next. However, the summer O3 concentration was more than twice winter one. Winter/summer differences in PM10and PM2.5 particle concentrations were relatively not obvious, which indicates that responses of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations to the difference of winter/summer heating period emission sources are far less distinctive than those of NOx, SO2, and CO. The correlation feature of winter/summer gaseous and particulate states depicts that both PM10 and PM2.5 particles were significantly correlated with NOx, and their correlations with NOx are more significant than those with other pollutants. Through PCA, it is found that there was a distinctive difference in the principal component combination structure of winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles: SO2 and NOx dominated in the principal component of winter PM10 and PM2.5 particles; while CO and NOx played the major role in the principal component of summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles. For winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles, there might exist the gaseous and particulate states correlation structures of different "combinations" of such dependent pollutant species. Research results also uncover that the interaction processes of gaseous and particulate states were also related with the vertical structure of UBL, that is to say, the low value layer of UBL O3 concentration was associated with the collocation of atmospheric vertical structures of the low level inversion,inverse humidity, and small wind, which depicts summer boundary layer atmospheric character, i.e.the compound impact of the dependent factor "combination" of wind, temperature, and humidity elements and their collocation structure on the variations of different gaseous pollutant concentrations. Such a depth structure of the extremely low value of O3 concentration in the UBL accords with its "inverse-phase" relation with other gaseous pollutant species. The PCA of meteorological factors associated with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations also reveals the sensitivity of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration to the combinatory feature of local meteorological conditions. 相似文献