Knowledge integration in sustainability governance through science-based actor networks

Understanding how science, technology and innovation can best help to accelerate progress in achieving sustainable development remains a grand challenge for researchers and practitioners. In the context of the global consultation process for preparing a post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda, various science-based actor networks have emerged, aiming to translate research into political decision-making and to inform transformations towards sustainability. Over the last years, these networks seem to have taken an ever-growing role in structuring the science-policy interface in global sustainability governance. The question arises, however, how they understand and organize ‘scientific knowledge integration’ in sustainability politics.This study offers a structured comparison of twelve global science-based actor networks engaged in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It shows that these networks use two types of strategies to foster scientific knowledge integration in sustainability governance. A new framework emerges, in which each strategy corresponds to two main approaches of scientific knowledge integration: The entrepreneurial strategy generally seeks to advance advice-oriented and solution-oriented knowledge processes, while assessment-oriented and learning-oriented processes in scientific knowledge integration are mainly promoted through a mediating strategy.     

Asymptotic Rayleigh instantaneous unit hydrograph

The instantaneous unit hydrograph for a channel network under general linear routing and conditioned on the network magnitude,N, tends asymptotically, asN grows large, to a Rayleigh probability density function. This behavior is identical to that of the width function of the network, and is proven under the assumption that the network link configuration is topologically random and the link hydraulic and geometric properties are independent and identically distributed random variables. The asymptotic distribution depends only on a scale factor, , where is a mean link wave travel time.     

Explorations into the formal structure of drainage basins

Every basin of higher than first order is drained by a channel network composed of two subnetworks. Their basins are separated by a drainage divide line, called the basin divider, which is the primary organizing feature of the main basin. Each basin of magnitude n contains n – 1 subnetworks of higher order, and is therefore organized by a set of n – 1 dividers. The dividers and the basin boundary are interconnected in a graph called the divider network of the basin; in graph-theoretic terms this network forms a tree and has the same magnitude and link numbers as the channel network draining the basin. While the subbasins and subnetworks of a drainage basin form a nesting hierarchy, the corresponding dividers do not; indeed, any two dividers share at most one node in common, and whether they do so is independent of whether the corresponding subbasins are nesting or disjoint. However, the dividers of nesting basins are linked by recursive relationships which permit the derivation of a set of algebraic equations; these equations relate the dividers of a basin to other basin components; for example, their combined length is equal to half the length of all first-order basin boundaries minus the length of the main basin boundary. The second part of the paper explores the dependence of the divider length on other basin parameters. The expected length, as predicted by the assumption of topological randomness, is clearly rejected by the data. An alternative approach (regression) is based on the observed magnitudes of the subbasins separated by each divider, and is reasonably successful in estimating divider length. The last section introduces the concept of the standardized basin defined by a boundary length of unity; the estimated lengths of the basin divider and the basin boundary permit an approximate reconstruction of the idealized basin shape and the location of the divider in it.     

Assessment of reliability in water distribution networks using entropy based measures

Entropy based expressions for measurement of reliability and redundancy have recently been reported. These measures approach assessment of the reliability of the distribution network from the intrinsic redundancy of the network layout. The paper extends earlier work on entropy functions by including a more explicit statement of the alternate paths available in the network and by recognizing that under certain circumstances, e.g., failure of some part of the network work, an outflow link from a node under normal working condition may become an inflow link to the same node. The measures are assessed by comparison with parameters measuring Nodal Pair Reliability and percentage of flow supplied at adequate pressure for a range of networks and link failure conditions in this networks. The entropy measures are shown to reflect changes in the network reliability, as measured by these two comparative parameters, very well.     

Cost-effective network design for groundwater flow monitoring

The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.     

Results from a new model of river basin evolution

This paper briefly describes a model of the erosional development of catchments and their channel networks. The model differentiates between the dominant transport processes in hillslope and channels. The development of channels and hillslopes occurs in an integrated manner as a function of physically observable mechanisms. The growth of a river basin is qualitatively described. The model concepts are used to study the basin during periods of growth (transient periods), as well as during dynamic equilibrium. This leads to hypotheses about the relationship between slopes, relief, tectonic uplift, erodability, runoff, and catchment area. It is shown that the model leads to very reasonable and desirable behaviour of hillslopes during retreat and degradation.     

BP网络在位场解释中的应用

介绍了ＢＰ网络的特点，阐述了它在位场资料解释中应用的方法、特点和可行性。通过模型计算证实了该方法在位场异常识别中的效果，正确率达９７％。此外，通过修改网络单元的激发函数，增强网络的稳定性和内插功能，使ＢＰ网络在多层密度界面反演中得到满意的结果，模型和实例计算证明了该方法的有效性。     

Supervised neural network recognition of habitat zones of rice invertebrates

This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness and performance of several supervised neural network models and make pattern recognition on invertebrate habitat zones. Probabilistic, general regression, and linear neural networks, and discriminant analysis were used to recognize both known and unknown invertebrate habitat zones. The results showed that neural network models were better than traditional discriminant analysis in the recognition of known habitat zones. There was not distinctive variation in recognition from different neural network models. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the learning rate of the neural network would influence recognized results. An unknown invertebrate species from Lepidoptera was recognized to be soil-dweller (dryland) by both neural network models and discriminant analysis. In sensitivity analysis it was additionally recognized to be the type of plant canopy (terrestrial). Overall the species was estimated to be a soil-dweller (dryland) or live on plant canopy (terrestrial). It was concluded that neural network models can perform better than conventional statistic models in pattern recognition, but a comprehensive comparison among various models is necessary in order to achieve a high reliable recognition and prediction. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis can lead to an in-depth grasp on the mechanism in the recognition and is thus needed.     

西霞院反调节水库控制网的布设及优化

采取平面网与高程网相结合的方法布设了施工控制网，并引用工程控制网优化设计的有关理论，结合实际对平面网的网形进行了机助优化。在网形确定的基础上，文中采用可靠因子为质量指标对网中的观测量进行优化，最终得到了满足精度和可靠性要求的最优布设方案。     

平坦地区转换GPS高程的混合转换方法

简要介绍了转换GPS高程的二次曲面拟合法和神经网络方法。然而 ,这 2种方法都有缺点 ,介绍的CF&NNM方法充分利用了 2者的优点 ,通过 2个平坦地区的工程实例 ,证实该方法的有效性 ,并得到一些有工程应用价值的结论。