羌塘盆地热觉茶卡-藏夏河地区泉水水化学特征及其地质意义

泉水的水化学特征可以反映氧化-还原环境和水动力条件,近年来被广泛地用于石油、天然气以及天然气水合物的找矿工作中。本文对羌塘盆地热觉茶卡—藏夏河地区37处泉水和13件地表水进行了水化学特征、水溶性烃类气体特征和水中氢氧同位素特征分析,结果表明,羌塘盆地热觉茶卡—藏夏河地区的水型主要为Na₂SO₄型和MgCl₂型,其次为NaHCO₃型和CaCl₂型。矿化度普遍较高,说明该区具有较好的保存条件。铵根离子的平均含量为0.895μg/g,在藏夏河地区高达7.381μg/g,表明在藏夏河东部地区有机质相对较为丰富,这与区域上发育的富有机质页岩结果一致。氢氧同位素结果显示,该区水体的氢氧同位素落在了大气降水线附近,表明水体的来源主要受大气降水的补给。另外,采集的9个泉水样品中均检测出一定含量的水溶甲烷,在白云湖地区的甲烷含量相对较高,显示出较好的油气潜力。综合研究表明,藏夏河东和白云湖地区具有良好的油气烃源岩条件,保存条件较好,显示出良好的油气和天然气水合物资源前景。     

Identifying sources of groundwater recharge in the Merguellil basin (Tunisia) using isotopic methods: implication of dam reservoir water accounting

Thirty-two groundwater samples collected from the Merguellil Wadi basin (central Tunisia) complemented by the Haouareb dam reservoir water samples have been isotopically analysed in order to investigate the implication of the reservoir water to recharging the aquifer, and also to infer the sources, relative ages and mixing processes in the aquifer system. Plots of the stable isotopes data against the local meteoric lines of Tunis-Carthage and Sfax indicate a strong implication of the dam water noticeable up to a distance of 6–7 km. A contribution as much as 80% of the pumped water has been evidenced using isotopic mass balance. In addition, poorly distinguished water clusters in the stable isotope plots, but clearly identified in the diagrams δ¹⁸O versus ³H and ³H versus ¹⁴C, indicate various water types related to sources and timing of recharge. The isotopic signatures of the dam accounting water, the “old” and “native” recharged waters, have been evidenced in relation to their geographical distribution and also to their radiogenic isotopes (³H and ¹⁴C) contents. In the south-western part of the aquifer, mixing process occurs between the dam reservoir water and both the “old” and “native” water components.     

桂林洞穴滴水与现代碳酸钙δ18O记录的环境意义--以桂林七星岩NO.15支洞为例

现代洞穴动态监测的一个先决条件就是为洞穴碳酸盐(CaCO₃)沉积物-石笋的各种替代指标的解译提供可靠的依据,充分利用现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)沉积物的各种替代指标,并与现代器测气象资料进行相互对比、并用以校正,是精确或定量解释石笋气候替代指标的关键.
经对桂林七星岩15号支洞的5个滴水点进行了长达四个水文年(2008~2011年)的大气降水、洞穴滴水、现代碳酸盐沉积物的动态监测和研究,并探讨了洞穴滴水和现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)的δ18O与降水δ18O的相关关系.研究表明,洞穴滴水和现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)的年平均δ18O值非常接近降水的δ18O平均值,并具有与地表降水δ18O相同的变化趋势,反映了洞穴滴水和现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)的δ18O主要来自大气降水的δ18O,即明显受控于降水的δ18O.在4个水文年中,现代洞穴次生化学碳酸盐(CaCO₃)沉积物的δ18O值与滴水的δ18O值记录的年内(或年际)变化或多年的变化趋势基本相同,表现出明显的四高峰(δ18O低值区)四低谷(δ18O高值区)的波动变化特征,具有明显的年际、季节性变化规律,显示具有雨热同季的特点.研究结果表明洞穴滴水和洞穴现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)沉积物的δ18O可以记录当地或洞穴上方的气候变化信号,即现代碳酸盐(CaCO₃)沉积物的δ18O主要作为夏季风强度或降雨量的替代指标.     

Hydrochemistry and isotope geochemistry as tools for groundwater hydrodynamic investigation in multilayer aquifers: a case study from Lomellina, Po plain, South-Western Lombardy, Italy

A multicriteria approach in studying hydrodynamics of a multilayer aquifer system has been used in the Lomellina region (Northern Italy). It involves the reconstruction of the hydrogeological framework coupled to the definition of the hydrochemical and isotopic features of the aquifers. A shallow phreatic aquifer, reaching depths of about 60–80 m from the surface, and deeper aquifers containing confined groundwater, were distinguished. Groundwater generally shows mineralisation decreasing with depth; dissolved ions depict calcium-bicarbonate hydrochemical facies and stable isotopes define the recharge mechanisms, the origin of groundwater, and the hydraulic confinement of deep aquifers. The phreatic aquifer is fed by local infiltration and by streams and irrigation channels. Tritium and Carbon-14 groundwater dating indicate long residence times (on the order of thousands of years) for confined aquifers. The confined aquifers show essentially passive hydrodynamic conditions and maintain a higher piezometric level than the phreatic aquifer. This inhibits the possibility of recent water penetrating far below the surface. The hydrogeological setting of the Lomellina region displays features which are common to other sectors of the Po plain. As a consequence, the results of this study, although conducted on a restricted area, are highly illustrative of groundwater hydrodynamics in large sedimentary aquifers.     

微量水δ(~(17)O)和δ(~(18)O)CoF_3法线外同时测试新技术

三氧同位素(16O、17O、18O)组成特征可有效示踪天然水循环及其环境效应,微量水δ(17O)和δ(18O)CoF3法同时测试新技术的建立,可为三氧同位素定量研究提供有效的分析手段,特别是能够捕捉到像光合作用、呼吸作用等生物过程中发生的同位素分馏现象。在国内首次建立了微量水δ(17O)和δ(18O)CoF3法线外同时测试新技术,样品量仅需2μL,整个制样时间约40min。采用在质谱测试前对待测样品在100℃下预热10 min,待O2完全解吸后再进行质谱测试的方法,避免了制样和测试过程中的记忆效应及分馏效应,δ(17O)和δ(18O)的分析精度分别达到±0.07‰和±0.14‰。该法使用固体试剂CoF3替代了剧毒的气态氟化物BrF5,使得制样流程更加安全可靠且样品量少,适用性强,具有很大的推广应用价值。     

Oxygen isotope speedometry in granulite facies garnet recording fluid/melt–rock interaction (Sør Rondane Mountains,East Antarctica)

In situ analysis of a garnet porphyroblast from a granulite facies gneiss from Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica, reveals discontinuous step‐wise zoning in phosphorus and large δ¹⁸O variations from the phosphorus‐rich core to the phosphorus‐poor rim. The gradually decreasing profile of oxygen isotope from the core (δ¹⁸O = ~15‰) to the rim (δ¹⁸O = ~11‰) suggests that the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O zoning was originally step‐wise, and modified by diffusion after the garnet rim formation at ~800°C and 0.8 GPa. Fitting of the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O data to the diffusion equation constrains a duration of the high‐T event (~800°C) to c. 0.5–40 Ma after the garnet rim formation. The low δ¹⁸O value of the garnet rim, together with the previously reported low δ¹⁸O values in metacarbonates, indicates regional infiltration, probably along a detachment fault, of low δ¹⁸O fluid/melt possibly derived from meta‐mafic to ultramafic rocks.     

极地冰雪氢氧同位素指标及其指示意义

本文综述了水汽来源状况、降水季节变化、火山喷发、太阳活动等气候环境因素对极地冰雪中同位素含量的可能影响及其程度 ,以及降水区域不均衡性、降水年际不均衡性、逆温层和同位素在冰雪中的扩散迁移作用等几种不稳定因素可能对冰雪同位素分析造成的干扰 ;在此基础上 ,综述了极地冰雪中δ1 8O、δD和其差值d(d =δD - 8δ1 8O)与局部或全球气温之间的一些线性关系 (包括全球尺度 ,格陵兰地区 ,南极地区等 )及它们在空间分布上的变化规律     

Geochemistry, Geochronology, Sr-Nd Isotopic Compositions of Jiang Tso Ophiolite in the Middle Segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone and Their Geological Significance

The Jiang Tso ophiolite,situated in the middle segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone,is a part of the easternmost Qieli Lake ophiolite subzone and is close to the south of Pung Lake ophiolite. The rock association of Jiang Tso ophiolite is relatively complete and is mainly composed of metamorphic peridotite,gabbro and diabase. Comparing with N-MORB,the ophiolite is high in Mg and low in Ti,K,Na,P,and is depleted in Nb,Ta,Hf,Th and enriched in Rb,Sr and Ba. Geochemical characteristics of the Jiang Tso ophiolite indicate it is of a supra-subduction zone type formed in the spreading ridge of back arc basin. The SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from the gabbro yielded a weighted average age of 188.1±4.1 Ma(MSWD=1.4),indicating the Jiang Tso ophiolite was formed in the late stage of early Jurassic. The Sr,Nd isotopic compositions show that the Tethyan mantle domain is the depleted mantle(DM),with enriched mantle domain II(EM II). They have the same Sr,Nd isotopic composition with the India Ocean MORB type.     

Basaltic and Solution Reference Materials for Iron,Copper and Zinc Isotope Measurements

Iron, Cu and Zn stable isotope systems are applied in constraining a variety of geochemical and environmental processes. Secondary reference materials have been developed by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), in collaboration with other participating laboratories, comprising three solutions (CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn) and one basalt (CAGS‐Basalt). These materials exhibit sufficient homogeneity and stability for application in Fe, Cu and Zn isotopic ratio determinations. Reference values were determined by inter‐laboratory analytical comparisons involving up to eight participating laboratories employing MC‐ICP‐MS techniques, based on the unweighted means of submitted results. Isotopic compositions are reported in per mil notation, based on reference materials IRMM‐014 for Fe, NIST SRM 976 for Cu and IRMM‐3702 for Zn. Respective reference values of CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn solutions are as follows: δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.83 ± 0.07 and δ⁵⁷Fe = 1.20 ± 0.13, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.57 ± 0.06, and δ⁶⁶Zn = ?0.79 ± 0.12 and δ⁶⁸Zn = ?1.65 ± 0.24, respectively. Those of CAGS‐Basalt are δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.15 ± 0.07, δ⁵⁷Fe = 0.22 ± 0.10, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.12 ± 0.08, δ⁶⁶Zn = 0.17 ± 0.13, and δ⁶⁸Zn = 0.34 ± 0.26 (2s).     

综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征

为了探索水合物背景下沉积物中自生矿物响应,对采自综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩颗粒进行了矿物组成、形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素特征等研究。X光粉晶衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示碳酸盐岩颗粒的主要矿物成分是铁白云石和方解石,呈多孔状结核和不规则状集合体产出。碳酸盐岩颗粒的碳稳定同位素δ¹³C_PDB低至-41.50‰,证实其碳源源自甲烷,其成因与甲烷厌氧氧化过程有关,印证了研究区存在海底甲烷渗漏现象,是甲烷水合物赋存区重要的识别标志之一。碳酸盐岩颗粒的氧稳定同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB总体上随着沉积物深度增加而减小,可能指示沉积物的背景温度由下而上（从早到晚）逐渐降低。研究结果提供了现代海洋天然气水合物背景下沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩的碳、氧稳定同位素记录,对于寻找我国海域天然气水合物资源,探索地史时期古海洋沉积物中类似的甲烷事件记录具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。