预制静压桩静动载现场试验分析

原位试验是获取桩基设计参数和了解桩基力学性能的最客观、最可靠方法。基于现有疲劳机和千斤顶等试验设备,研制了桩顶静载和动载组合加载装置,为现场静、动载试验解决了一个技术性难题。利用该装置对某工程混凝土预制静压桩进行了模拟交通荷载的现场静、动载试验。通过单桩竖向抗压静载试验和动载试验,分析了静动载对桩身轴力分布、桩身侧摩阻力和基桩沉降的影响及其变化规律。试验结果表明：在静动载作用下桩身侧摩阻力的分布规律基本一致,并且随着振动次数的增加,桩身上部侧摩阻力减小、下部略有增加,但动载循环超过30万次后,侧摩阻力趋于稳定。     

超长桩荷载传递性状研究

根据超长桩的现场静载荷试验资料,分析了超长桩的单桩荷载传递特性。结果表明,超长桩表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,桩顶以下l/3桩长及桩端以上l/6范围内的桩侧摩阻力极限值接近规范推荐值,而中间部分的桩侧摩阻力远远大于规范值,表现出强化效应,桩端注浆桩的侧摩阻力强化效应更加明显。根据其荷载传递特性,提出了单桩极限承载力的估算公式,实例计算结果和实测结果较吻合。     

非均匀外载作用下油井套管强度特性的实验研究

盐膏层套管损坏是由于盐岩蠕变对套管产生一个严重的非均匀附加外挤力而造成的,目前,国内外仍没有一套成熟的非均匀外载作用下的套管强度设计方法。根据实际全尺寸套管承受非均匀外载作用下的强度实验,研究了非均匀外载作用下油井套管的强度特性,提出了用“等效破坏载荷”及椭圆载荷的短、长轴之比来定量描述套管所受非均匀外载的概论,建立了非均匀外载下的套管强度设计图版,可用来检测盐岩等流变地层中下入套管的安全性或在已知套管外载时进行套管强度设计。实验结果表明：套管承受非均匀外载作用时其强度与承受均匀外压相比要低8～21倍。     

顶管推进对邻近桩基的影响分析

研究了顶管正面附加推力、掘进机和后续管道与土体之间的摩擦力在邻近桩基上引起的总的附加荷载的分布规律。研究结果表明,附加荷载的变化规律与桩基和掘进机的相对位置密切相关,是一个三维问题;在顶进方向和垂直于管壁方向,随着掘进机开挖面通过前后,附加荷载由压力变为拉力,顶进方向的附加荷载值和影响范围较垂直于管壁方向大;竖直方向的附加荷载较小,靠近管道轴线附近的桩基部位受到的附加荷载方向与两端相反,曲线呈“弓”型分布;随着桩基与管道距离的减小,附加荷载急剧增大。     

相邻水平平行顶管推进引起的附加荷载分析

利用弹性力学的Mindlin解,推导得到顶管正面附加推力、掘进机和后续管道与土体之间的摩擦力在相邻水平平行管道上引起的附加荷载计算公式。探讨了管道净间距、直径、埋深以及土体泊松比对附加荷载分布的影响。分析结果表明,采取注浆措施时后续管道摩擦力在相邻管道上产生较小的压力,其峰值出现在开挖面后方。在正常施工时,正面附加推力引起的附加荷载非常小,使相邻管道开挖面前方产生压力、后方产生拉力,以开挖面呈反对称分布。掘进机摩擦力引起的附加荷载分布规律与正面附加推力相似,但零点位于掘进机中间部位相对应处,其引起的附加荷载较大,在三者共同作用中占主要地位,应予以重视。     

桥头粉喷桩复合地基工后沉降原因分析

为了研究引起搅拌桩复合地基工后沉降的原因,针对粉喷桩加固桥头软基沉降进行Biot固结有限元正反分析。有限元分析时的土体本构模型采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性模型,反分析时的土体本构模型分别采用Duncan-Chang非线性 弹性模型和Merchant黏弹性模型。计算分析表明,引起粉喷桩加固地基工后沉降的主要因素：早期时是交通荷载引,而后期土体蠕变的影响则占主导地位。     

灰色理论在快速法载荷试验数据处理中的应用

探讨了灰色理论方法在快速法载荷试验数据处理中的应用,并运用此理论对快速载荷试验各级荷载下的t-s曲线及总体的P-S曲线进行预测,以得到荷载作用下与慢速法一致的稳定沉降量。用VB语言编制了实用计算程序,通过对实例计算,得到的预测值与稳定沉降进行对比,证明了该法对于两种曲线的预测是可行的。同时评价了GM(1,1)以及等维灰数递补GM(1,1)两种模型对于远距离预测的精度。算例表明,对于P-S曲线的外推预测,最好只进行2～3级,外推级别较多时,精度不高,若应用于远距离预测,必须对模型作进一步改进。     

桩端压浆对超长大直径桩侧阻力的影响研究

桩端压浆可大幅提高超长大直径桩侧阻力,且桩侧阻力的提高成为桩承载力提高的主要原因。桩土间存在一个软弱层（泥皮层）,浆液在压力作用下总是沿着软弱面向上运动,并对桩侧土产生挤压,在使桩径扩大的同时,亦对桩周土体进行加固,从而使桩侧摩阻力提高。根据超长大直径桩工程实例的静载荷试验、标贯试验及CT检测结果证明,压浆后在桩端以上一定范围内桩周土强度提高,桩侧阻力提高12.39 %～52.87 %,侧阻力增量占总增量比例达56 %～88 %。     

How did the suspended sediment load change in the North Caucasus during the Anthropocene?

Quantifying and understanding catchment sediment fluxes is crucial both from a scientific and environmental management perspective. To deepen the understanding of landuse impacts and climate change on sediment load, we explore factors controlling the suspended sediment load formation in the Northern Caucasus during the Anthropocene. We examine how sediment flux of various river basins with different land-use/landcover and glacier cover changes during the 1925–2018 period. Our analysis is based on observed mean annual suspended sediment discharges (SSD, kg s⁻¹) and annual fluxes (SSL, t year⁻¹) from 33 gauging stations of The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Russia). SSL series have been analysed to detect statistically significant changes during the 1925–2018 period. The occurrence of abrupt change points in SSD was investigated using cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts. We found that SSL has decreased by −1.17% per year on average at most gauges. However, the decline was not linear. Several transition years are expected in the region increasing trends from the 1950s and decreasing trends from 1988 to 1994. Correlation analyses showed that variation in SSL trend values is mainly explained by gauging station altitude, differences in landuse (i.e. the fraction of cropland), and catchment area. Nonetheless, more accurate quantifications of SSL trend values and more refined characterizations of the catchments regarding (historical) landuse, soil types/lithology, weather conditions, and topography may reveal other tendencies.     

Lateral soil–pipeline interaction in sand backfill: Effect of trench dimensions

Current analytical methodologies for the evaluation of soil pressures on laterally displaced pipelines, as in the case of differential (e.g. fault-induced) permanent ground movements, allow the use of sand fill material properties under the condition that the size of the trench is adequate so that the failure surface develops fully within the sand fill (i.e. “free field” response). The accuracy of this assumption is investigated in this paper by means of numerical analyses, which employ a number of advanced features, such as pipe-backfill interface elements, large strain formulation and mesh rezoning. Following verification against well-documented experimental data, the analyses investigate: (a) the shape and size of the failure mechanism, as well as, (b) the potential trench effects on soil pressures and pipeline strains in the case of a strike-slip fault rupture. It is shown that for small embedment depths soil failure extends to the ground surface, in the form of a general shear failure mechanism, while for larger depths it becomes progressively localized and surrounds the pipeline. It is also shown that, for most cases of pipeline diameter and embedment depth, common trench dimensions cannot contain the “free field” failure surface dimensions. Finally, analyses for limited trench dimensions, reveal that the ultimate soil pressure increases exponentially with decreasing trench width, leading to high bending strains in pipelines subjected to differential lateral ground displacements.