快速城市化进程中的太湖水环境保护:困境与出路

太湖流域经济发达、城市化水平高,伴随着城市化过程的各种环境问题十分突出。城市化过程对太湖水环境质量的负面影响主要表现在生活污水排放量增加、人畜粪便对水污染的程度加剧、化学肥料施用量增加、非点源污染负荷增加以及自然景观对污染物的去除能力降低等方面,由此导致的营养盐入湖量增加将严重制约太湖水质的改善。充分认识并努力减轻这些负面影响是改善太湖水环境质量的前提,在分析问题的基础上提出了一些针对性的应对策略。     

Analysis of Spatial Mismatch of Tourism Development in Guangdong Province

The spatial mismatch situation of tourism development in Guangdong Province is analyzed by gravity model and two-dimensional matrix based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, and the results are visualized using ArcGIS software. This study finds that varying degrees of spatial mismatch exist between the level of tourism development, abundance of tourism resources and accessibility of tourism locations in the 21 cities in Guangdong Province. The gravity centers for tourism economy, tourism resources and tourism location are (113.55° E, 23.00° N), (113.69° E, 23.21° N) and (113.74° E, 22.86° N), respectively. According to the two-dimensional combinatorial matrices, synchronous development is shown in 10 prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-resource abundance combination, whereas it is shown in seven prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-tourism location combination. Guangzhou and Shenzhen are synchronous-double high zones for both combinations, while Foshan, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, Zhongshan and Jieyang are deviating-negative mismatch zones for both combinations. Furthermore, the vast majority of prefecture-level cities within the province currently present mismatching trends in tourism development. Based on the analysis results, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward taking into account the actual situation and opportunities for further tourism development in various prefecture-level cities.     

Reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns and its spatiotemporal changes over the 20th century on the Songnen Plain,Northeast China

We initially estimated the cropland area at county level using local historical documents for the Songnen Plain (SNP) in the 1910s and 1930s. We then allocated this cropland area to grid cells with a size of 1 km × 1 km, using a range of cultivation possibilities from high to low; this was based on topography and minimum distances to rivers, settlements, and traffic lines. Cropland areas for the 1950s were obtained from the Land Use Map of Northeast China, and map vectorization was performed with ArcGIS technology. Cropland areas for the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s were retrieved from Landsat images. We found that the cropland areas were 4.92 × 10⁴ km² and 7.60 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 22.8% and 35.2% of the total area of the SNP in the 1910s and 1930s, respectively, which increased to 13.14 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 60.9% in the 2010s. The cropland increased at a rate of 1.18 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1910s to 1970s while it was merely 0.285 × 10⁴ km² per decade from the 1970s to 2010s. From the 1910s to 1930s, new cultivation mainly occurred in the central SNP while, from the 1930s to 1970s, it was mainly over the western and northern parts. This spatially explicit reconstruction could be offered as primary data for studying the effects of changes in human-induced land cover based on climate change over the last century.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

论黄河上游多民族经济开发区资源开发战略

本文在分析黄河上游多民族经济开发区资源特点的基础上，论证了经济区资源开发模式及开发战略，并就经济蛆内各区域非平衡开发及开发时序提出了一些见解。     

Integration of reflection seismic and sediment grain-size data from Lake Khubsugul (Northern Mongolia): a reply to Prokopenko and Kendall

Prokopenko and Kendall (J Paleolimnol doi:, 2008) criticise the work presented in Fedotov et al. (J Paleolimnol 39:335–348, 2008), and instead propose an alternative interpretation for the grain-size evolution recorded in the KDP-01 core, retrieved from the central part of Lake Khubsugul. Their interpretation is based (i) on a seismic-stratigraphic re-interpretation of sparker seismic profile khub012 (which they copied from Fedotov et al. (EOS Trans 87:246–250, 2006)), (ii) on the presupposition that changes in lake level are the dominant control on facies distribution in Lake Khubsugul, and (iii) on the invalidation of our age-depth model. In this reply to their comment, we demonstrate that they interpreted seismic artefacts and geometries caused by changes in profile orientation as true stratigraphic features and that the lake-level reconstruction they derive from this interpretation is therefore incorrect. We also demonstrate that their grain-size predictions, which they consider to be predominantly driven by changes in lake level, are inconsistent with the measured sulphate concentration, which is a demonstrated proxy of lake level in Lake Khubsugul, and with the measured grain-size record. Finally, we point out that even if there would be a problem with the age-depth model, this problem would not affect the part of the sedimentary sequence discussed in Fedotov et al. (J Paleolimnol 39:335–348, 2008).     

阿里高原土地沙漠化发展演变与驱动因素分析

阿里高原沙漠化土地具有高寒干旱景观特色和脆弱的生态学属性。运用遥感、野外调查与GIS等方法监测近10a高原沙漠化的发展演变,沙漠化面积减少219.58km²,平均升级率为-0.36%,动态度为-0.052%。近40a来,阿里高原沙漠化的发展演变是由气候暖干化、人为不合理的经济活动以及鼠类活动等驱动因素综合作用的结果,人为活动在其中具有更大的效力与作用。高原沙漠化正在向自然沙漠化过程+人为沙漠化过程发展。防治土地沙漠化是本区一项长期的战略任务,其基本策略是全面保护、综合治理、适度开发、协调发展。     

广州市人居环境可持续发展水平综合评价

在探讨人居环境与可持续发展关系的基础上,从居住条件、城市生态环境、公共服务基础设施和可持续性4个方面构建了广州市人居环境可持续发展的评价指标体系,并采用简单算术平均方法计算出近11年广州市人居环境的各指标及其可持续发展水平评价分值,对广州市人居环境可持续发展现状及其与经济发展之间的关系进行了定量评价.结果表明,广州市人居环境正朝着可持续方向发展,与经济发展的阶段基本一致,但滞后于经济发展.     

中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型耦合分析

土地利用转型,即在社会经济变化和革新的驱动下,某一区域在一段时期内由一种土地利用形态转变为另一种土地利用形态的过程。在中国,耕地和农村宅基地乃土地利用转型的重要源头。本文综合利用2000 年和2008 年两期Landsat TM 影像解译土地利用数据及2000-2008 年国土资源部土地利用年度变更调查数据,分析了中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型的时空耦合特征。研究表明：① 2000-2008 年期间,中国耕地面积与农村宅基地面积变化的相关系数为-0.921,呈现出明显的增减逆协同演进格局;② 耕地—宅基地变化相关系数与农村宅基地利用变化率的Spearman 等级相关分析结果表明,在耕地和农村宅基地利用的相互转化过程中,农村宅基地利用的变化起主导作用;③ 通过计算全国各省2000-2008 年间的耕地—宅基地变化耦合系数,发现期间耕地和农村宅基地利用变化耦合程度高的省份主要分布在胡焕庸线的东南部。社会经济—生物自然—土地管理三维驱动因素通过“农村人口—耕地—农村宅基地”三者之间的相互联系与相互作用驱动着耕地和农村宅基地利用的转型。然而,耕地和农村宅基地利用转型的时空耦合现象及其发生机制在很大程度上要归因于中国特殊的城乡二元结构社会体制。     

经济地理学视角下创新网络与区域增长研究述评

创新是引领经济发展的第一动力,创新与区域增长之间的关系成为经济地理学者关注的重点领域。文章通过梳理近年来有关创新网络测度、创新网络与区域增长关系、创新网络作用于区域增长方式等方面的文献发现：网络资本可以弥补社会资本在解释企业创新结网经济价值方面的不足,区域增长呈现出网络化特征已成为学界共识,知识流与邻近性能较好地解释创新网络与区域增长的关系机理。然而,当前研究对社会资本如何促进区域增长,网络资本与区域增长关系模型如何构建,不同类型的邻近性与知识对区域增长的影响有何差异等问题尚不明确,建议重视网络资本对区域增长的作用并实证检验二者的关联,同时还应重视创新网络中企业家精神、创新个体心理行为特征等因素对区域增长的影响。