Present environment and historic changes from the record of lake sediments, Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Changes in the urban environment of Dhaka City have been evaluated from the geochemical compositions of bottom sediments from two lakes, Gulshan-1 and –2. Abundances of Pb, Zn, Fe₂O₃ and total sulfur in a Gulshan-1 core gradually increase toward the sediment–water interface. Three stages of condition change can be recognized in Gulshan-1, based on trace metal concentration patterns. The basal Stage I corresponds to background Dhaka sedimentation, whereas gradual increase in Stage II represents the beginning of pollution. Marked increases in Pb and Zn in Stage III reflect rapid urban development and increased emissions to the atmosphere. The condition of the Dhaka environment is compared to that of Japan based on Zn–Fe₂O₃ and Pb–Fe₂O₃ relations. Zn–Fe₂O₃ ratios in Stage I Dhaka sediments are similar to normal Japanese sediments, whereas Stage II data lie on the same trend as Japan urban sediments. Dhaka Stage III samples have greater Zn:Fe₂O₃ ratios than Japanese urban sediments, suggesting Zn pollution from poorly-controlled industrial sources. In contrast, the Dhaka Pb–Fe₂O₃ trend lies between normal and urban Japanese sediments. Although vehicle emissions in Dhaka are now significant, the data suggest that Pb pollution from this source remains in its early stages.     

定常风场和吞吐流对乌梁素海流场的影响

风场和吞吐流是浅水湖泊运动的主要驱动力,影响着湖区污染物的迁移转化。基于二维非结构网格,构建了乌梁素海水动力模型。通过对比定常风作用下湖流的方向、环流的分布及形式与无风条件下的区别,模拟不同算例吞吐流作用下湖区流速及环流结构的差异,探究了定常风和吞吐流对乌梁素海流场的影响。结果表明:乌梁素海在无风条件下出现大面积的滞流区;风场会增加湖流的流速,影响区域主要在西大滩区、东大滩区及湖区南部明水区,产生明显环流,风场是乌梁素海主要的驱动力; SSW与ENE向风场作用下,典型区域产生的环流位置、形态结构相近,方向相反;吞吐流量的增加会增大湖区整体流速,对湖区流场形态、结构影响较小;定常风条件下,吞吐流量的增加(一定范围)会导致环流强度减弱。研究结果为乌梁素海营养盐、污染物质输移规律研究奠定基础。     

重液材料多钨酸钠在青海湖沉积物重力分离中的应用

多钨酸钠是一种无毒、易配制、可循环使用、密度高的新型无机重液.本文利用多钨酸钠重液,用离心机重力分离的方法将青海湖沉积物分成低(≤1.9g/cm3)、中(1.2-2.8g/cm3)、高(≥2.8g/cm3)三个密度组分,平均回收率为96.5%.重力分离后的沉积物测试分析发现,有机质主要分布在富粘土矿物的中密度组,揭示了粘土矿物的表面吸附是青海湖底沉积物有机质的主要赋存形式.     

近30年巢湖流域土地利用变化及其驱动力研究

土地利用与覆被变化（LUCC）是全球变化的重要内容和主要表现之一,LUCC研究已成为全球变化研究的前沿和热点问题。基于多时相的TM影像数据,从流域尺度研究了巢湖流域的土地利用变化,分析探讨了土地利用变化的社会经济驱动力。研究结果表明,1979～2008年间巢湖流域的土地利用发生了比较明显的变化,主要表现在耕地锐减和建设用地激增;经济发展、城镇化、工业化、人口增加是造成巢湖流域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

洱海沉积物粒度记录与气候干湿变迁

通过对洱海现代沉积物的精细采样,将放射性核素精确计年与沉积物粒度研究相结合,重建了 6 0 0多年来洱海区域气候的干湿变迁,为恢复百年尺度的气候干湿变化提供了一条新途径。研究结果表明,15世纪是洱海地区最为湿润的一个世纪;洱海区域存在 10 0a、2 0 0a两种时间尺度的气候干湿准周期波动;自 19世纪末以来洱海区域气候整体上向干旱化方向发展,目前正处于干旱期末期,预计气候将由干旱转向湿润。     

Surface water and aerosol spatiotemporal dynamics and influence mechanisms over drylands

Under the background of global warming and excessive human activities, much surface water in drylands is experiencing rapid degradation or shrinkage in recent years. The shrinkage of surface water, especially the degradation of lakes and their adjacent wetlands in drylands, may lead to the emergence of new salt dust storm hotspots, which causes greater danger. In this paper, based on high spatial resolution global surface water (GSW) and multiangle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) AOD data, we systematically analyze the dynamic characteristics of surface water and aerosols in typical drylands (Central Asia, CA) between 2000 and 2018. Simultaneously, combined with auxiliary environment variables, we explore the driving mechanisms of surface water on the regional salt/sand aerosols on different spatial scales. The results show that the seasonal surface water features an increasing trend, especially a more dramatic increase after 2015, and the permanent surface water indicates an overall decrease, with nearly 54.367 % at risk of receding and drying up. In typical lakes (Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake), the interannual change feature of the surface water area (WA) is that a continuous decrease during the study period occurs in Aral Sea area, yet a significant improvement has occurred in Ebinur Lake after 2015, and the degradation of Ebinur Lake takes place later and its recovery earlier than Aral Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) in CA shows obvious seasonal variation, with the largest in spring (0.192 ± 0173), next in summer (0.169 ± 0.106), and the smallest in autumn (0.123 ± 0.065). The interannual variation of AOD exhibits an increase from 2000 to 2018 in CA, with high AOD areas mainly concentrated in the Taklamakan Desert and some lake beds resulting from lake degradation, including Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake. The AOD holds a similar trend between Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake on an interannual scale. And the AOD over Ebinur Lake is lower than that over Aral Sea in magnitude and lags behind in reaching the peak compared with Aral Sea. The WA change can significantly affect aerosol variation directly or indirectly on the aerosol load or mode size, but there are obvious differences in the driving mechanisms, acting paths, and influence magnitude of WA on aerosols on different spatial scales. In addition, the increase of WA can significantly directly suppress the increase of Ångström exponent (AE), and the effects of WA on AOD are realized majorly by an indirect approach. From the typical lake perspective, the effects of WA on aerosol in Aral Sea are achieved via an indirect path; and the decrease of WA can indirectly promote the AOD rise, and directly stimulate the AE growth in Ebinur Lake.     

新疆夏季变湿的大气环流异常特征

利用1961-2003年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国气象局整编的新疆夏季(6~8月)月降水量资料,分析了新疆夏季1971-1986年干旱期和1987-2003年湿润期的大气环流变化异常特征.结果表明:在平均环流场上,中亚-巴尔喀什湖槽及上下游地区脊的增强是新疆地区夏季变湿的环流场特征之一,且中亚-巴尔喀什湖槽随高度增加强度明显增强,200 hPa达到最强;源于低纬阿拉伯海向北直至中亚对流层低层偏南的强气流是湿润期环流异常、降水增多的又一特征,也是水汽重要来源之一;中亚上空高空急流轴南压是新疆夏季湿润期与干旱期高空急流最重要的差异特征.     

艾比湖盐尘对周边地区土壤盐分及景观变化的影响

通过对准噶尔盆地西部艾比湖地区盐尘的扩散和堆积进行观测和取样分析,鉴别出粉尘中可溶盐的化学成分、pH和盐尘堆积强度,分析研究了盐尘的形成、分布特征和灾害强度以及盐尘暴与温度、降水、风等气候因子之间的相关关系.结果表明:近50 a来艾比湖的沉积环境总体是比较稳定的,但由于气候波动与人类活动引起艾比湖水位、水域面积曾发生较明显的变化,并产生了盐尘暴的发生、湖泊和土壤盐度以及湖周景观的变化.根据艾比湖周边盐漠区盐尘的时空分布规律、活动特点和危害强度分析,盐尘对准噶尔盆地西部土壤盐分及景观变化的影响强度范围和影响程度划分为3级区.     

近800a来内蒙古岱海湖水的盐度定量及其气候意义

在干旱半干旱地区 ,封闭湖泊的湖水盐度对气候变化反应敏感。首先通过现生介形类 (Lim nocytherecf.inopinata)壳体与湖水Sr/Ca比值的测定确定了Sr/Ca的分配系数 ;然后测试现代岱海湖水盐度与湖水Sr/Ca比值 ,建立湖水盐度与湖水Sr/Ca比值的函数关系 ;最后利用湖泊沉积剖面中介形类壳体的Sr/Ca比值定量恢复了岱海湖水近 80 0a来的盐度。通过分析岱海湖水盐度变化过程 ,揭示了研究区小冰期前期降水增加的冷湿气候 ,这明显不同于东部其它地区的冷干气候 ;研究区在小冰期中后期以偏干旱气候为主 ,这与东部其它地区干冷气候相一致 ;推测了 2 1世纪初 10～ 2 0a ,岱海地区降水将有所增加 ,干旱趋于缓和。     

Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in surface sediments from Wuli Bay, Taihu Lake, China

1IntroductionPhosphorus,an essential nutrient for the primaryproductivity in freshwater systems,is an important fac-tor controlling lacustrine eutrophication.Although ex-ternal input of phosphorus has been assumed as the vi-tal responsibility for the eutrophication of lakes(ZhuJun et al.,2005),the remobilization of phosphorus insediments has a distinct influence on it as well(Bostr m et al.,1982).The concentrations of totalphosphorus(Ptotal)in the sediments are often related tothe trophic st…