干旱区湖泊沉积物腐殖化度的古气候指示意义——以新疆巴里坤湖为例

腐殖质具有对气候环境变化响应敏感的特点,已经展示出了作为古气候演变研究载体的重要潜力和优势,当前,腐殖化度对气候环境变化指示意义的研究主要应用于泥炭沉积上,而对于湖泊沉积物中腐殖化度气候环境变化的研究,至今尚未见到报道,根据新疆东疆北部巴里坤湖湖泊沉积物腐殖化度的分析,同时结合年代学、有机质含量、总有机碳、自生碳酸盐δ13C、δ18O的分析结果,认为该湖泊沉积物中腐殖化度可以较为敏感地反映气候环境变化的相关消息,较高的腐殖化度,指示气候相对湿润,而较低的腐殖化度值,指示气候相对干燥,在此基础上,结合多指标变化,初步划分了巴里坤湖地区近9.4cal kaBP以来经历了干(9.4-7.5cal kaBP)-湿(7.5-5.8cal kaBP)-干(5.8-3.0 cal kaBP)-湿(3.0-1.0cal kaBP)-干(1.0-Ocal kaBP)五个阶段.     

Stratigraphic evidence for multiple drainings of glacial Lake Missoula along the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA

Glacial Lake Missoula, a source of Channeled Scabland flood waters, inundated valleys of northwest Montana to altitudes of ∼ 1265 m and to depths of  >600 m, as evidenced by shorelines and silty lacustrine deposits. This study describes previously unrecognized catastrophic lake-drainage deposits that lie stratigraphically beneath the glacial-lake silts. The unconsolidated gravelly flood alluvium contains imbricated boulder-sized clasts, cross-stratified gravel with slip-face heights of 2-> 35 m, and 70- to 100-m-high gravel bars which all indicate a high-energy, high-volume alluvial environment. Gravel bars and high scablands were formed by catastrophic draining of one or possibly more early, high lake stands (1200-1265 m). Most glacial-lake silt, such as the Ninemile section, was deposited stratigraphically above the earlier deposits, represents a lower lake stand(s) (1050-1150 m), and was not deposited in lake(s) responsible for the highest discharge events. The glaciolacustrine silt-covered benches are incised by relict networks of valleys formed during the drainage of the last glacial lake. Significant erosion associated with the last lake draining was confined to the inner Clark Fork River canyon.     

湖南洞庭湖地区土壤中Hg的来源

Hg污染已成为全球性的环境问题,尤其是Hg对土壤的污染,因其具有隐蔽性、不可逆性和长期性的特点,对陆生生态系统构成潜在的巨大威胁,因此查明土壤中Hg的来源非常重要。运用生态地球化学填图的指导思想,对湖南洞庭湖地区土壤剖面分析和成土过程研究后发现,表层土壤中Hg含量的高低与成土母质中Hg的含量有很好的对应性,成土过程对土壤中Hg的含量也有显著的影响。     

罗布泊湖相沉积物极化散射特性及其环境意义

通过对罗布泊古湖盆区域("大耳朵")湖相沉积物含水量与含盐量、介电性质、地表微地貌等理化参量的分析,本文提出了罗布泊古湖盆区域的散射过程与次地表散射结构;利用全极化测量技术(PolSAR, Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar),本文对不同纹理区域进行了物理散射机制的定量化剖析,同极化相关分析与极化度推算结果表明整个"大耳朵"区域后向散射强烈,亮条带比暗条带的散射机制更为复杂,地表微地貌状态是造成"大耳朵"特征的表观原因.在此基础上,本文利用极化分解技术进一步分离不同散射机制分量,通过定量比较各部分贡献对于"大耳朵"特征的表征能力,提出次地表介质性质(如含盐量)是"大耳朵"特征的根本性成因,相关性可达0.784,同时分析了次地表高含水含盐湖相沉积物在SAR响应中的重要性及其与地表形态之间的动力学形成机制.最后,本文论证了合成孔径雷达(SAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar)在罗布泊地区的穿透能力,预示着SAR遥感技术在干旱区环境研究中的应用潜力.     

西藏普莫雍错不同岩芯环境指标的对比研究及其反映的近200年来环境变化

在西藏南部普莫雍错不同位置处采集了四支岩芯沉积物,对其中一支利用~(210)pb和~(137)Cs方法建立了沉积物的年代序列,并对其他三支岩芯的上部沉积物进行了总有机碳、无机碳、粒度及化学元素含量的分析.结合沉积物年代,对不同岩芯的环境代用指标进行对比,讨论了该地区近200年来的环境变化状况.结果表明,不同位置处采集的岩芯其环境指标变化趋势在整体上具有一定的可比性,但在细节变化与环境指标的数值上仍具有明显的差异,显示了湖泊内部沉积状况的空间差异性,这可能是由于采样点水深、水下地形以及与主要补给河流距离的不同而造成的.PY04岩芯环境指标显示普莫雍错湖区环境在约1900AD之前较为稳定;在约1900-1940AD之间湖区环境波动加剧,地表侵蚀增强,沉积速率加快;湖区环境在1940AD左右发生了明显的变化,温度显著升高,沉积物粒度增大,湖泊处于退缩状态,表明湖泊环境向暖干化方向发展.     

白洋淀浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的典范对应分析

在对湖泊生态系统健康评价研究的基础上,提出用营养状态-综合指数法（TSI-CI）对西湖进行生态系统健康评价．首先选用Chl．a、SD、TP和TN四个指标用相关加权指数法进行营养状态评价,再选择物化和生物指标无量纲化处理后计算综合指数进行综合评价．结果表明：西湖生态系统健康状况与营养状态水平的变化趋势是一致的,1—3月健康状况相对较好,7-9月相对较差．该结果客观反映了西湖的实际情况,为西湖水质管理提供科学依据。     

Assessment of 2DH and pseudo‐3D modelling platforms in a large saline aquatic system: Lake Urmia,Iran

The main objective of this paper is to provide comparative quantitative examinations on the capabilities of two‐dimensional horizontal and pseudo‐three‐dimensional (3D) modelling approaches for simulating spatial and temporal variability of the flow and salinity in Lake Urmia, Iran. The water quality in the lake has been an environmentally important subject partly because this shallow hypersaline aquatic ecosystem is considered to be one of the largest natural habitats of a unique multicellular organism, Artemia urmiana. This brine shrimp is the major food source for many of the protected and rare shorebirds that visit the lake. A. urmiana can grow and survive in certain ranges of salinity, and their disappearance could lead to an alteration of existing equilibria. The lake has also experienced considerable man‐made changes during the past three decades. A newly built crossing embankment almost divided the lake into two northern and southern halves. A relatively small opening of 1.25 km in the new embankment provides water connections between the two halves. As a result, the flow and salinity regimes have been significantly changed. This might have had adverse serious impacts on the lake ecosystem. In the current study, the two‐dimensional horizontal hydrodynamic model has been found to provide reasonable predictions for the flow regime in the lake, whereas its salinity predictions have not been consistent with the field observations. The pseudo‐3D model has produced results fairly close to the salinity measurements and its temporal and spatial variations. The pseudo‐3D model has been used for evaluating the embankment effects on the lake hydrodynamics and on the salinity conditions. The effectiveness of introducing a different number or length of openings in the embankment for restoring the pre‐embankment conditions has also been examined. These remedy options have been found not to offer substantial improvements to the lake's existing ecosystem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植被群落地下水—土壤—植被—大气系统界面水分通量及水源组成

地下水-土壤-植被-大气系统(GSPAC)界面水分传输是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.本文选取鄱阳湖湿地高位滩地的2种典型植被群落:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落为研究对象,运用HYDRUS-1D垂向一维数值模拟,量化了湿地GSPAC系统界面水分通量,阐明了典型丰水年(2012年)和枯水年(2013年)鄱阳湖湿地植被群落的蒸腾用水规律和水源组成.结果表明:(1)茵陈蒿和芦苇群落土壤-大气界面的年降水入渗量为1570~1600 mm,主要集中在雨季4-6月,占年总量的60%;植物-大气界面的年蒸腾总量分别为346~470 mm和926~1057 mm,其中7-8月植被生长旺季最大,占年总量的40%~46%;地下水-根区土壤界面的向上补给水量受不同水文年水位变化的影响显著,地下水年补给量分别为15~513 mm和277~616 mm,主要发生在蒸散发作用强烈和地下水埋深较浅的时段.(2)植被蒸腾用水分为生长初期(4-6月)和生长旺季(7-10月)2个阶段,丰水年植被的整个生长期蒸腾用水充足,枯水年植被生长旺季的蒸腾用水受到严重水分胁迫,实际蒸腾量仅为潜在蒸腾量的一半左右.(3)不同水文年湿地植被生长旺季的水源贡献不同:丰水年茵陈蒿群落以地下水补给为主,芦苇群落以湖水和地下水补给为主;枯水年茵陈蒿群落以降水和前期土壤水储量为主,芦苇群落以地下水补给为主.本研究结果有助于揭示湿地植被的水分利用策略,为阐明湖泊水情变化与植被演替的作用机理提供参考依据.     

西昌邛海泸山旅游地质资源特征

西昌邛海、泸山山水浑然一体,以其邛池夜月、碧波朝阳、渔村夕照、平湖秋月、三教合一寺庙群落同建于山中一道路上而闻名遐迩。邛海、泸山旅游资源十分丰富,种类齐全,并以四川省第二大天然湖泊优势,独特气候而名满天下。     

Interplay between river discharge and topography of the basin floor in a hyperpycnal lacustrine delta

Basin‐floor topography influences the flow path of hyperpycnal plumes and delta morphology during progradation of the Red River delta in Lake Texoma, USA. The Red River discharge is typically a hyperpycnal plume due to elevated total dissolved solids. Because the river plume is a bottom‐hugging hyperpycnal flow, lake bathymetry and topography strongly influence deposition and subsequent delta morphology. In addition to elevated total dissolved solid concentrations compared with Lake Texoma water, the density contrast of the Red River outflow is increased by high suspended‐sediment concentrations during high‐discharge events. Steep lateral slopes in the Lake Texoma basin deflect hyperpycnal river plumes and, subsequently, change the delta progradation direction before the delta reaches the opposite bank of the lake. Analysis of multi‐temporal aerial and satellite images indicates that the hyperpycnal delta follows the steepest lake‐bottom gradients, corresponding to the pre‐impoundment river thalweg (i.e. bypassing shallow parts of the lake). An analytical model for the hyperpycnal‐plume trajectory indicates plume deflection during low‐discharge or high‐discharge events, towards the deepest part of the basin. The magnitude of plume deflection is a function of river discharge and basin‐margin gradients. Plume deflection can vary between 10° and 80° from the channel axis towards the old river thalweg. The high deflection appears in the case of maximum basin side gradients of 12·8° and in conditions of low river discharge. During low‐discharge periods, the Red River delta builds a lobate shape with multiple terminal distributary channels whereas, during high‐discharge periods the Red River delta builds an elongate shape with a single large distributary channel. The elongate morphology of the delta is formed through the development of a single distributary channel and abandonment of the other distributaries. Therefore, the lobate shaped delta is expected to be preserved in the rock record.