Lake George revisited: New evidence for the origin and evolution of a large closed lake,Southern Tablelands,NSW, Australia

Lake George contains the longest continuous sedimentary record of any Australian lake basin, but previous age models are equivocal, particularly for the oldest (pre-Quaternary) part of the record. We have applied a combination of cosmogenic nuclide burial dating, magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy to determine the age of the basal (fluvial) unit in the basin, the Gearys Gap Formation. Within the differing resolutions achievable by the three dating techniques, our results show that (i) the Gearys Gap Formation, began accumulating at ca 4 Ma, in the early Pliocene (Zanclean), and (ii) deposition had ceased by ca 3 Ma, in the mid late Pliocene (Piacenzian). Whether the same age control provides an early Pliocene (Zanclean) age for the formation of the lake basin is uncertain. During the Piacenzian, the vegetation at the core site was a wetland community dominated by members of the coral fern family Gleicheniaceae, while the surrounding dryland vegetation was a mix of sclerophyll and temperate rainforest communities, with the latter including trees and shrubs now endemic to New Guinea–New Caledonia and Tasmania. Mean annual rainfall and temperatures are inferred to have been ～2000–3000 mm, although probably not uniformly distributed throughout the year, and within the mesotherm range (>14°C <20°C), respectively. Unresolved issues are: (1) Does the basal gravel unit predate uplift of the Lake George Range and therefore provide evidence that one of the proposed paleo-spillways of Lake George, that above Geary's Gap, has been elevated up to 100–200 m by neotectonic activity over the past 4 million years? (2) Did a shallow to deepwater lake exist elsewhere in the lake basin during the Pliocene?     

紫色土丘陵区典型小流域水体N、P含量及其环境特征

N、P各形态浓度在川中丘陵区小流域的水体中显示出明显的时空特征,在地表水中,以旱地为主的小流域上部的硝态氮、氨态氮、全氮要低于小流域下部水田的,而以流域人口密度较大的群英池和小流域下部的沟道水中氨态氮浓度较高,说明人为活动对其影响较大。在地下水中以小流域上部为最高,明显高于该流域的中下部;它们的季节变化与流域降水的季节变化基本是一致的。紫色土丘陵区水体富N,地下水NO_3~--N超标率达60％,;地表水和地下水均尚未出现P的富营养,但潜在的污染不可忽视。     

青海共和盆地达连海晚第四纪高湖面与末次冰消期以来的环境变化

干旱区晚第四纪已有较多高湖面与湖泊演化的报道和研究,对于认识区域环境变化有重要意义,但高湖面出现的时间尚存争议,高分辨率的气候环境记录仍相对缺乏。本文通过青海共和盆地达连海湖岸地貌考察和AMS 14C 年代学研究,讨论达连海古湖晚第四纪高湖面出现的可能时间; 并通过达连海DLH99孔岩芯年代和高分辨率代用指标,讨论高原东北缘末次冰消期以来的气候环境变化。达连海周围存在6级高湖面岸线或台地,14C 测年结果显示,最低的两级湖岸堤形成于全新世,其余湖岸台地年代均老于44cal.kaB.P.,当时在达连海地区形成一个较大的古湖泊。DLH99孔显示达连海近15cal.kaB.P.沉积了40.92m的湖相沉积物,平均沉积速率高达2.7mm/a。孢粉资料揭示出,现代干旱的共和盆地在末次冰消期以来存在两个山地针叶林发育阶段,分别位于末次冰消期和全新世早中期。全新世早中期是适合山地针叶林植被发育的气候最宜期,而晚全新世山地森林植被整体衰退。粒度分析结果显示,达连海全新世低水位时期对应于岩芯中部山地森林植被发育的晚期,出现较强烈干旱事件(岩芯深13～15m段),这种湖泊水位与植被所指示的气候变化不一致现象(即低水位时期盆地内耐旱植物和山地乔木花粉同时增加),可能揭示出干旱区山地与盆地环境对区域气候不同响应。达连海存在的系列高湖面和冰消期以来的完整气候记录,为理解晚第四纪季风边缘区气候变化过程及其机制提供了条件。     

新疆白干湖钨锡矿田东北部花岗岩锆石SIMS U-Pb 年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

白干湖矿田东北部出露钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩,具有相近的成岩年龄和相似的地球化学特征,表明为同源演化的复式岩体。利用SIMS方法获得二者锆石U-Pb谐和年龄是422±3Ma和421±3.7Ma,为晚志留世。岩石主量元素地球化学特征二者表现为弱过铝质(A/CNK为0.99～1.02)或准铝质(A/CNK为0.92～0.94)、高钾(K2O/Na2O分别为1.08～1.31和1.03～1.22)、高碱((Na2O+K2O)分别为8.59%～9.38%和9.54%～9.69%)、钙碱性或弱碱性(δ分别为2.39～3.17和4.02～4.22)、Fe#(TFeO/MgO分别为9.58～12.26和8.94～9.96)高。稀土元素总体含量(分别为228×10-6～448×10-6和271×10-6～392×10-6)较高,微量元素亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Ti、P和富集La、Ce、Zr、Sm,总体显示A型花岗岩的特征。R1-R2图解显示岩体构造背景落入晚造山区域。Sr-Yb图解显示岩体落入低Sr高Yb的区域,暗示拉伸的地壳减薄的环境。Pearce图解显示构造环境为板内为主。综合区域背景资料,认为该岩体形成于加里东造山旋回的后碰撞阶段。     

鄱阳湖流域抚河径流特征及变化趋势分析

抚河是鄱阳湖流域第二大河流,其径流变化研究对揭示鄱阳湖水文情势演变规律和鄱阳湖生态环境保护具有重要的科学意义。本文采用鄱阳湖流域抚河上、中、下游8个主要水文站的实测资料,分析了抚河径流年内分配特征及变化规律;应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验与回归分析等方法,研究了近几十年内抚河年、月径流变化规律及与降雨的关系。结果表明:(1)抚河径流年内分配不均,但不均匀性在流域内空间差异较小;(2)受水利工程调蓄影响,径流年内分配越来越均匀;(3)不同年代年径流特性存在差异,20世纪70年代至90年代初,径流相对稳定,90年代中期到2002年,呈较明显上升趋势,2002年后,表现为下降趋势;(4)月径流变化有增有减,基本规律为枯水期(11月~次年3月)月径流量基本呈上升趋势,洪水期(4~6月)月径流基本呈下降趋势;(5)抚河的年降水量在2002年附近发生突变减少,与年径流量突变时间基本吻合,说明气候变化降雨量减少对近10年鄱阳湖流域抚河入湖径流的减少影响显著。     

江苏固城湖流域1951-2000年农业非点源氮、磷输移的数值模拟研究

选择位于长江下游的固城湖流域作为研究区域,基于分布式流域水文模型SWAT,采用数值模拟的手段,反演了1951～2000年流域农业非点源氮、磷的输移规律。模拟结果与实测值的一致性反映了模型的良好模拟能力。比较两个时段的模拟结果发现,1981～2000年,流域农业非点源氮、磷年平均浓度和输移量分别为:总氮0.82mg/L和411.88×103kg/a,总磷0.084mg/L和43.04×103kg/a;远高于1951～1960年的氮、磷年平均浓度和输移量分别为:总氮0.22mg/L和49.55×103kg/a,总磷0.036mg/L和7.67×103kg/a。模拟主要反映了流域下垫面条件和农作物耕作模式对农业非点源氮、磷浓度及输移量的影响。     

Evaluation of oxygen isotopes in carbonate as an indicator of lake evolution in arid areas: The modern Qinghai Lake, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate in lakes has been used as a useful indicator in Palaeolimnological research, and has made some important contributions to our understanding of lacustrine systems. For modern lakes in arid or cold areas, however, there are few data available to test the effect of lake salinity and temperature on the oxygen isotopic composition of various carbonate sources such as ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate (< 60 μm). Here we examined the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonates, as well as that of coexisting water from Lake Qinghai and the smaller surrounding lakes and ponds on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Our investigation highlights three key effects. First, the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate in the lakes and ponds shows a clear response to lake water δ¹⁸O values, and these vary with water salinity. The relationship between lake water δ¹⁸O and salinity is not only dominated by the evaporation/freshwater input ratios, but is also controlled by the distance to the mouth of the major rivers supplying to the lake. Second, the ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate show similar isotopic change trends in the study area, and oxygen isotopic differences between ostracods and authigenic carbonate may be explained by the different water temperatures and very small ‘vital offsets’ of ostracods. Finally, the effect of water depth on temperature leads to increasing δ¹⁸O values in carbonates as water depth increases, both in benthic ostracods living on the lake bottom, as well as in bulk carbonate precipitated at the water surface.For arid, high-altitude Lake Qinghai, our results suggest that variations in the δ¹⁸O values of carbonate in Lake Qinghai are mainly controlled by the oxygen-isotope ratio of the lake water changing with water salinity. As a secondary effect, increasing water depth leads to cooler bottom and surface water, which may result in more positive δ¹⁸O values of ostracod and bulk carbonate.     

近30年巢湖流域土地利用变化及其驱动力研究

土地利用与覆被变化（LUCC）是全球变化的重要内容和主要表现之一,LUCC研究已成为全球变化研究的前沿和热点问题。基于多时相的TM影像数据,从流域尺度研究了巢湖流域的土地利用变化,分析探讨了土地利用变化的社会经济驱动力。研究结果表明,1979～2008年间巢湖流域的土地利用发生了比较明显的变化,主要表现在耕地锐减和建设用地激增;经济发展、城镇化、工业化、人口增加是造成巢湖流域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

Late Quaternary megafloods from Glacial Lake Atna, Southcentral Alaska, U.S.A.

Geomorphic, stratigraphic, geotechnical, and biogeographic evidence indicate that failure of a Pleistocene ice dam between 15.5 and 26 ka generated a megaflood from Glacial Lake Atna down the Matanuska Valley. While it has long been recognized that Lake Atna occupied ≥ 9000 km² of south-central Alaska's Copper River Basin, little attention has focused on the lake's discharge locations and behaviors. Digital elevation model and geomorphic analyses suggest that progressive lowering of the lake level by decanting over spillways exposed during glacial retreat led to sequential discharges down the Matanuska, Susitna, Tok, and Copper river valleys. Lake Atna's size, ∼ 50 ka duration, and sequential connection to four major drainages likely made it a regionally important late Pleistocene freshwater refugium. We estimate a catastrophic Matanuska megaflood would have released 500–1400 km³ at a maximum rate of ≥ 3 × 10⁶ m³ s^{− 1}. Volumes for the other outlets ranged from 200 to 2600 km³ and estimated maximum discharges ranged from 0.8 to 11.3 × 10⁶ m³ s^{− 1}, making Lake Atna a serial generator of some of the largest known freshwater megafloods.     

内蒙古河套地区陈普海子湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其环境意义

对河套地区陈普海子湖泊及其流域不同类型表层沉积物的粒度特征进行了分析,并结合放射性同位素210Pb测年,探讨了湖泊的沉积演变过程。通过主成分分析,对沉积物剖面粒度不同粒级组分含量进行了研究,分析了湖泊沉积物的物质来源,得到两个主控因子F1和F2,它们控制了湖泊沉积物近98.68%的粒度变化特征。研究表明,F1代表了以6.18 μm为众数粒径的次总体,主要受流水作用控制;而F2为以42.75 μm为众数粒径的次总体,主要来源于地表风沙作用。通过粒径-标准偏差方法,提取了湖泊沉积物中不同时期的环境敏感粒度组分,结果表明:在1996AD之前,流水作用所携带的细颗粒(μm)决定了沉积物的粒级特征,在1960-1985AD期间表现出风沙活动强烈;1996AD以来,由于人类开展了大规模的沙荒土地开垦,流沙活动强烈,流域风沙活动所携带的粗颗粒(14.1~224.35 μm)控制了沉积物的粒度组成。