面向对象方法的时间序列MODIS数据湿地信息提取——以洞庭湖流域为例

以洞庭湖流域为研究区,对大范围湿地信息遥感提取方法进行了研究。先基于时间序列MODIS EVI及物候特征参数,通过J-M(Jeffries-Matusita distance)距离分析,构建了MODIS(250 m)最佳时序组合分类数据;其次,通过Johnson指数确定了最佳分割尺度,采用面向对象的遥感分类方法(Random tree分类器)提取了洞庭湖流域的湿地信息,并验证该方法的适用性。研究结果表明,基于时序数据与面向对象的Random tree分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为78.84%和0.71,较之基于像元的相同算法的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别提高了5.79%和0.04。同时,基于面向对象方法的湿地整体的用户精度与生产者精度较基于像元方法分别提高了4.56%和6.21%,可有效提高大区域湿地信息提取的精度。     

Outburst risk of barrier lakes in Sichuan,China

34 barrier lakes induced by earthquake have been formed by wedged debris on the river channels after a massive earthquake happening on May 12 in Sichuan, China. Among them, the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake is the largest one. It faces very urgent risk of dam breaking when water level reaches the top and begins overflow in case of storm rainfalls and continually aftershocks, threatening already devastated cities and villages with about 1.5 million people downstream. The outburst of a similar barrier lake occurred in the Minjiang River in 1933, causing a catastrophic flood. Risk analysis indicates that not all barrier lakes are highly dangerous. Only those lakes with very high dams and water to be filled up in short period need to be dealt with immediately.     

青海湖全新世植被演变及气候变迁：QH85—14C孔孢粉数值分析

本文应用青海湖QH85-14C孔取得的具有~(14)C测年数据所支持的原始孢粉资料,进行数值分析(有序聚类、主成份分析、滑动平均和回归分析)。从而对青海湖区11000年以来的植被和气候变化进一步讨论。     

The Geochemistry of Lake Joyce, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Lake Joyce is one of the least studied lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Similar to other lakes in this region, Lake Joyce is a closed-basin, permanently ice-covered, meromictic lake. We present here a detailed investigation of major ions, nutrients, and dissolved trace elements for Lake Joyce. Specifically, we investigate the role of iron and manganese oxides and hydrous oxides in trace metal cycling.Lake Joyce is characterized by fresh, oxic waters overlying an anoxic brine, primarily Na–Cl. Surface waters have a maximum nitrate concentration of 26M with a molar dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 477. The supply of nitrogen is attributed to atmospheric deposition, possibly from polar stratospheric clouds. Dissolved phosphorus is scavenged by hydrous iron oxides. The pH is highest (10.15) just beneath the 7-m thick ice cover and decreases to a minimum of 7.29 in the redox transition zone. Dissolved Al exceeds 8M in surface waters, and appears to be controlled by equilibrium with gibbsite. In contrast, concentrations of other trace elements in surface waters are quite low (e.g., 5.4nM Cu, 0.19nM Co, <20pM La). Dissolved Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd were below our detection limits of 13 nM, 1. 8 nM, 4.7 nM and 15pM (respectively) in surface waters. There was a 6-m vertical separation in the onset of Mn and Fe reduction, with dissolved Mn appearing higher in the water column than Fe. Based on thermodynamic calculations, dissolved Mn appears to be controlled by equilibrium with hausmannite (Mn3O4). Co tracks the Mn profile closely, suggesting Co(III) is bound in the lattice of Mn oxides, whereas the Ce profile is similar, yet the Ce anomaly suggests oxidative scavenging of Ce. Release of Cu, Ni, Cd and trivalent REE appears to be controlled by pH-induced desorption from Fe and Mn oxides, although Cu (and perhaps Ni) may be scavenged by organic matter in surface waters.     

末次冰消期晚期青藏高原东北部气候变化

我国最大的内陆封闭湖泊青海湖的沉积岩芯为研究末次冰期/全新世过渡期间青藏高原东北部的环境变化和季风降水演变提供了连续高分辨率环境档案。对两孔岩芯的多学科研究结果表明:大约14000～11600aB.P.期间气候干冷,湖泊的自生碳酸盐和有机质生产率远低于全新世;季节性入湖径流量在11600aB.P.突然增大;从10700aB.P.起,夏季蒸发量突然增大,干旱化作用导致碳酸盐滩湖环境;区域降水量在10000aB.P.的增大结束了滩湖环境,标志了早全新世温暖较湿气候的开始。全新世早期的青海湖水深比现在要浅20m左右,表明那时的有效湿度显然比现在要低很多。14000～10000aB.P.期间青海湖水深不超过6m,说明在末次冰消期的这一时段中,青藏高原东北部没有形成大规模冰融水。在10700～10000aB.P.期间突发的干旱事件与西欧的新仙女木事件(YoungerDryas)年代相当,但没有气候变冷的证据。青藏高原东北部末次冰消期的气候变化表现了明显的阶段性特征和有效湿度的突然改变。区域季风降水量和夏季温度的变化决定了该过渡期的这种变化格局。     

Combining ordination techniques and geostatistics to determine the patterns of diatom distributions at Lake Lama, Central Siberia

The patterns of spatial variation of diatom assemblages from surface sediments in Lake Lama were quantified using a combined approach of ordination and geostatistics. The aims were (i) to estimate the amount of variation between diatom assemblages within the lake, (ii) to model the spatial variability of the diatom assemblages and their diversity, and (iii) to map the diatom distributions in the lake. A correspondence analysis (CA) separated the diatom assemblages into a planktonic and a periphytic group. Rheophilic taxa were found within the periphytic group. Variogram analysis showed that only the sample scores of the first CA axis and the Shannon diversity index were spatially structured. The range of spatial correlation was estimated to be 55 km for both variables. The diversity and, to a lesser extent, the sample scores had considerable small-scale variability of about 20 and 3%, respectively. Estimates of the first component of the CA and the Shannon index were derived using block-kriging. The maps of the estimates provided a basis for partitioning Lake Lama according to the spatial structures into an eastern and a western basin, a north–south connection between the basins, and a north–south directed tip at the far eastern end. It was shown that variation in diatom assemblages is mainly spatially structured at the catchment scale and that there is a considerable amount of variation at smaller scales. According to the modeled spatial distribution, the assemblages are most likely affected by the lake size, morphology, and the water and nutrient input introduced by rivers. This has to be taken into account when paleolimnological interpretations are drawn from records of complex lake systems like Lake Lama.     

THE HOLOCENE SEDIMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC AND PALEOCLIMATIC EVOLUTION OF EBINUR LAKE，XINJIANG

ＴＨＥＨＯＬＯＣＥＮＥＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＡＮＤＰＡＬＥＯＣＬＩＭＡＴＩＣＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＢＩＮＵＲＬＡＫＥ，ＸＩＮＪＩＡＮＧ吴敬禄，王苏民，吴艳宏ＴＨＥＨＯＬＯＣＥＮＥＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴ...     

中朝边境天池破火山口湖底地形多波束测深探测

为调查天池破火山口湖的基本参数和湖底地形特征,研究破火山口的内部构造、破火山口的组合样式和垮塌堆积分布,本文采用多波束测深方法,对天池湖底地形进行了探测。探测结果显示:天池最大水深值为373.2m,天池水域边界实测周长为13.44km,天池湖水面面积9.4km~2,天池总蓄水量约为19.88×10~8m~3。天池周边分布4个温泉,温度为7~47℃。根据湖底地形推断,现今的天池破火山口形成于千年大喷发。其后,在天池西侧形成一个喷火口,东侧形成一个熔岩丘。天池湖底存在5个较大的破火山口内壁垮塌堆积区,但在湖底未见熔岩流。天池边缘出露的温泉点对应环状断裂,同时反映深部存在岩浆体。     

艾比湖盐尘对周边地区土壤盐分及景观变化的影响

通过对准噶尔盆地西部艾比湖地区盐尘的扩散和堆积进行观测和取样分析,鉴别出粉尘中可溶盐的化学成分、pH和盐尘堆积强度,分析研究了盐尘的形成、分布特征和灾害强度以及盐尘暴与温度、降水、风等气候因子之间的相关关系.结果表明:近50 a来艾比湖的沉积环境总体是比较稳定的,但由于气候波动与人类活动引起艾比湖水位、水域面积曾发生较明显的变化,并产生了盐尘暴的发生、湖泊和土壤盐度以及湖周景观的变化.根据艾比湖周边盐漠区盐尘的时空分布规律、活动特点和危害强度分析,盐尘对准噶尔盆地西部土壤盐分及景观变化的影响强度范围和影响程度划分为3级区.     

墨水湖N/P水质模型研究

武汉墨水湖30多年来因湖周大量城市污水的排入,造成湖泊严重富营养化,急需综合规划治理,因此需研究墨水湖水体污染变化规律,开展水质模型的研究。针对墨水湖水文、水质、地貌状况,把整个湖区划分五块（子湖区）,建立分散结构N/P水质模型,提出了一套可行的模型参数识别方法,并作了模拟检验,精度令人满意。在分析中运用系统论方法,并应用计算机现编程序操作。