Response of the tropical Indian Ocean SST to decay phase of La Niña and associated processes

Delayed impact of El Niño on Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variations and associated physical mechanisms are well documented by several studies. However, TIO SST evolution during the decay phase of La Niña and related processes are not adequately addressed before. Strong cooling associated with La Niña decay over the TIO could influence climate over the Indian Oceanic rim including Indian summer monsoon circulation and remotely northwest Pacific circulation. Thus understanding the TIO basin-wide cooling and related physical mechanisms during decaying La Niña years is important. Composite analyses revealed that negative SST anomalies allied to La Niña gradually dissipate from its mature phase (winter) till subsequent summer in central and eastern Pacific. In contrast, magnitude of negative SST anomalies in TIO, induced by La Niña, starts increasing from winter and attains their peak values in early summer. It is found that variations in heat flux play an important role in SST cooling over the central and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and part of Arabian Sea from late winter to early summer during the decay phase of La Niña. Ocean dynamical processes are mainly responsible for the evolution of southern TIO SST cooling. Strong signals of westward propagating upwelling Rossby waves between 10°S to 20°S are noted throughout (the decaying phase of La Niña) spring and summer. Anomalous cyclonic wind stress curl to the south of the equator is responsible for triggering upwelling Rossby waves over the southeastern TIO. Further, upwelling Rossby waves are also apparent in the Arabian Sea from spring to summer and partly contributing to the SST cooling. Heat budget analysis reveals that negative SST/MLT (mixed layer temperature) anomalies over the Arabian Sea are mostly controlled by heat flux from winter to spring and vertical advection plays an important role during early summer. Vertical and horizontal advection terms primarily contribute to the SST cooling anomalies over southern TIO and the Bay of Bengal cooling is primarily dominated by heat flux. Further we have discussed influence of TIO cooling on local rainfall variations.     

The Influence of Tibetan Plateau on the Interannual Variability of Asian Monsoon

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贵州一次严重冰冻雨雪过程环境场分析

2008年1月10日至2月2日,我国南方发生了大范围的持续冰雪灾害,贵州是受灾最严重的省份之一。通过对高度场、温度、降水量、流场、涡度等要素场的分析,重点探讨此次极端气象事件对贵州影响最明显的第3次过程,以及形成严重冰冻雨雪天气和温度异常偏低的主要环流特征。结果表明,在强拉尼娜的背景下,稳定在乌拉尔山以东的阻塞高压持续存在、极涡异常偏强偏东、西太平洋副高偏西偏强、南支槽较常年活跃等,是造成这次过程的主要原因。主要特征是850 hPa以下出现温度低于0℃的冷空气层,在700 hPa附近是相对较暖的气层,其上层是较冷的冰晶层,西南低空急流及槽前正的相对涡度平流明显,急流带来的暖湿平流提供了充足的水汽,并保证了融化层中源源不断的热量供应,上下层涡度平流的差异有利于上升运动的发展,为贵州第3次雨雪过程的发生提供了条件。     

STUDY ON AIR-SEA HEAT EXCHANGE MECHANISM IN EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

2°×2° mean monthly COADS grid data in 1974 and 1987 of E1 Nino and La Nina years are used to compute thesensible and latent heat fluxes,the net longwave radiation,the incident solar radiation and heat budget on the tropicalPacific surface(30°S—30°N).The difference of the heat budget between El Nino and La Nina mainly occurred on theequatorial ocean surface,especially the water area west of Ecuador and Peru.During El Nino,the sensible and latentheat exchange increased,the net longwave radiation and incident solar radiation decreased and the net gain(loss) of heatreduced(increased) on the ocean surface.During La Nina,the circumstances were opposite.Finally an ideal model ofair-sea heat exchange mechanism for the El Nino-La Nina cycle is summarized. Key words:El Nino,La Nina,air-sea heat exchange,COADS grid data     

Global Emissivity Distribution and Change from 2003 to 2007

Land surface emissivity is known to be affected by land cover, surface roughness, and soil moisture. In this study we used land surface emissivity data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing Systems for 2003 to 2007 to detect areas of significant emissivity change and identify its potential causes. Data distribution of annual emissivity averages on a global scale revealed that the western coastlines of the continents, deserts, and the polar areas showed the lowest emissivity values, whereas the higher emissivity values were concentrated in large cities, heavily forested areas, and large mountain ranges. A two-tailed Z test was then used to identify regions that showed statistically significant changes at the 99 percent confidence interval. At the regional scale, three regions that showed statistically significant annual change values at the 99 percent confidence interval—the Iranian Plateau, the La Plata basin, and the Indus basin—were then isolated. An analysis of variance was then performed to determine whether the variability was due to phenomena across the region or within each region. In the La Plata River basin, areas of significant negative emissivity change (≤–0.0156) were noted, which are associated with deforestation, whereas the areas of significant emissivity gain (≥0.0165) were concentrated in floodplains. In the Indus basin and Iranian Plateau, the significant negative emissivity change was associated with variations in surface wetness. Using emissivity as an indicator of land surface properties can assist in more detailed analysis of changes on the surface of the earth.     

稀土元素镧对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)早期珍珠色泽的影响

采用酶学、电镜扫描以及X射线衍射等方法,研究不同浓度稀土元素镧对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)早期珍珠色泽的影响。实验共分五组,I至V组稀土元素镧终浓度分别为0、0.7、1.0、1.3、1.6mg/L。结果显示,稀土元素镧对酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶具有Hormesis效应,当镧浓度为1.0mg/L时,三角帆蚌外套膜组织中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶比活力较高,分别为(29.3±19.4)U/g、(212.3±61.6)U/g,此浓度下三角帆蚌白色珍珠圆润度、结晶度最好,且生长比较均匀,XRD衍射显示珍珠中只含有少量的方解石和球文石结晶。提示,适量的稀土元素镧(1.0mg/L)能有效增加珍珠的本色,促进白色珍珠CaCO3文石规则有序地结晶,较好地提高三角帆蚌早期珍珠的色泽度。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷始新统戴南组一段稀土元素特征及其物源指示意义

稀土元素(REE)的物源对比表明,苏北盆地高邮凹陷戴南组一段沉积岩的物源以其西侧张八岭隆起的元古宙浅变质岩基底为主,并与大别和苏鲁造山带的浅变质岩基底存在亲缘关系,推断研究区的母岩类型为高钾I型花岗片麻岩。而张八岭隆起的新元古代细碧—石英角斑岩和绿片岩、中生代火成岩、大别山南部大范围的榴辉岩以及宁镇山脉的中生代中酸性侵入岩对研究区的物源影响很小。在高邮凹陷内部的物源方向分析中,轻重稀土元素分馏值[(La/Yb)N]与矿物成熟度指数(MMI)形成很好的吻合,(La/Yb)N值结合稀土元素总量(∑REE)及铕异常值(δEu)可对研究区内物源方向的精确判别具有指示意义。戴南组一段沉积时期,高邮凹陷的物源主要来自4个方向:西北部柘垛低凸起方向、东部吴堡低凸起方向、南部通扬隆起方向和西南部菱塘桥低凸起方向。高邮凹陷戴南组一段的沉积相类型与REE特征的相关性分析显示,重稀土元素分馏值[(Gd/Yb)N]与沉积相间存在较为规律的变化,表现在近岸水下扇相、扇三角洲相和三角洲相随其碎屑岩的成熟度升高,(Gd/Yb)N平均值呈逐渐升高的趋势,该趋势同样表现在相同沉积相的不同沉积亚相之间,说明(Gd/Yb)N平均值可较好地反映沉积相特征。     

建国以来当年登陆我国最早的台风“浣熊”的特点及成因

利用海表温度、向外长波辐射及再分析等资料,对台风“浣熊”的特点及成因进行分析。结果表明,“拉尼娜”事件触发了热带西太平洋西侧海洋的异常活跃的状况,为“浣熊”的形成提供有利环流背景。西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏北,西脊点处于120°E附近,配合中南半岛高压环流,使“浣熊”处于鞍型场,偏北移动路径稳定。同时高空强辐散流场对“浣熊”起到非常重要的维持作用,使“浣熊”成为2008年登陆我国最早的台风。地形辐合作用配合台风右侧潮湿东南气流向中纬度槽前输送大量水汽,加上高空强辐散,使登陆阳江的台风“浣熊”主要风雨区在珠江口两侧及粤东地区。另外,应用多普勒天气雷达速度图对环境引导风的判别,把握好“浣熊”登陆前路径转折的可能,及时调整登陆地段预报。     

日食诱发厄尔尼诺现象的热-动力机制

潮汐变化引起的大气圈、海洋圈和岩石圈差异旋转的计算结果显示:地球扁率变大时,赤道面的高速气流和洋流产生与地球自转方向相反的由东向西运动,类似赤道东风带;地球扁率变小时,大气和海洋赤道突起减小并向两极流动,在南北纬35°线以上的中高纬度地区,形成两极突起,该计算结果与全球风带分布完全符合。综合分析表明,太阳在赤道面时,赤道东风加强,海洋南北赤道暖流加强;太阳在南北回归线时,西风带加强。日、地、月在同一直线上时将增强这一效应。日月大潮引起的大气、海洋和固体地球的差异旋转是日食多次发生在赤道引发拉尼娜事件产生的动力学机制。     

La Ni(n)a年冬季亚洲中高纬环流与我国南方降雪异常关系

2007/2008年冬季,赤道中东太平洋形成了一次中等强度的La Ni(n)a事件.本文根据NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,探讨La Ni(n)a气候背景下亚洲中高纬大气环流及南亚上空南支槽强度与我国南方(25～35°N,110～125°E)多雪、少雪以及2008年1月我国南方大范围低温雨雪冰冻灾害的关系.分析指出,La Ni(n)a气候背景下,500 hPa高度场亚洲高纬位势高度偏高易出现阻塞型,当乌拉尔山阻塞高压强度、位置比鄂霍次克阻塞高压偏强、偏北时,入侵我国南方的偏北气流主要来自乌拉尔山地区,南方偏冷(距平达-4.0 ℃)多雪;当鄂霍次克阻塞高压强度、位置比乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏强、偏北,入侵我国南方的偏北气流主要来自鄂霍次克海地区,南方偏暖(距平达1.0 ℃)少雪.2008年1月500 hPa高度上亚洲高纬乌拉尔山阻高偏北、强度偏强(正距平中心值达120 gpm),入侵我国南方的2支偏北气流都来自乌拉尔山地区,南方出现了低温(温度距平达-4.0 ℃)雨雪冰冻天气;分析指出,200 hPa高度场南亚地区南支槽的强弱对我国南方降雪多寡有重要影响.