不同植被LAI的MODIS反演及其在青藏高原东部的应用

应用Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS资料和三维叶分布模式,结合MODIS陆地植被覆盖产品数据,估算了6种生物群落的LAI,并与我国西北地区叶面积仪观测结果进行了对比和分析。结果表明,从两颗卫星连续8天的观测资料可以估算出LAI,反演结果的相对误差基本在±20%以内,平均相对误差为13.7%,说明该方法可以反演实际植被的LAI;根据植被类型的差异,建立了6种生物群落LAI与NDVI的指数关系,相关性较好;青藏高原东部的LAI时间变化有不一致性的特征,反映了不同生物群落的生物学特性的差异;不同季节的LAI变化在空间上有很大差异,说明本研究区域西部冷、干和高原东部相对暖、湿的复杂气候特征。     

Application of 3D triangulations of airborne laser scanning data to estimate boreal forest leaf area index

We propose 3D triangulations of airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds as a new approach to derive 3D canopy structures and to estimate forest canopy effective LAI (LAI_e). Computational geometry and topological connectivity were employed to filter the triangulations to yield a quasi-optimal relationship with the field measured LAI_e. The optimal filtering parameters were predicted based on ALS height metrics, emulating the production of maps of LAI_e and canopy volume for large areas. The LAI_e from triangulations was validated with field measured LAI_e and compared with a reference LAI_e calculated from ALS data using logarithmic model based on Beer’s law. Canopy transmittance was estimated using All Echo Cover Index (ACI), and the mean projection of unit foliage area (β) was obtained using no-intercept regression with field measured LAI_e. We investigated the influence species and season on the triangulated LAI_e and demonstrated the relationship between triangulated LAI_e and canopy volume. Our data is from 115 forest plots located at the southern boreal forest area in Finland and for each plot three different ALS datasets were available to apply the triangulations. The triangulation approach was found applicable for both leaf-on and leaf-off datasets after initial calibration. Results showed the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) between LAI_e from triangulations and field measured values agreed the most using the highest pulse density data (RMSE = 0.63, the coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.53). Yet, the LAI_e calculated using ACI-index agreed better with the field measured LAI_e (RMSE = 0.53 and R² = 0.70). The best models to predict the optimal alpha value contained the ACI-index, which indicates that within-crown transmittance is accounted by the triangulation approach. The cover indices may be recommended for retrieving LAI_e only, but for applications which require more sophisticated information on canopy shape and volume, such as radiative transfer models, the triangulation approach may be preferred.     

Simulated watershed responses to land cover changes using the Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System

In this work, we used the Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model to examine runoff sensitivity to land cover changes in a mountain environment. Two independent experiments were evaluated where we conducted simulations with multiple vegetation cover changes that include conversion to grass, no vegetation cover and deciduous/coniferous cover scenarios. The model experiments were performed at two hillslopes within the Weber River near Oakley, Utah watershed (USGS gauge # 10128500). Daily precipitation, air temperature and wind speed data as well as spatial data that include a digital elevation model with 30 m grid resolution, soil texture map and vegetation and land use maps were processed to drive RHESSys simulations. Observed runoff data at the watershed outlet were used for calibration and verification. Our runoff sensitivity results suggest that during winter, reduced leaf area index (LAI) decreases canopy interception resulting in increased snow accumulations and hence snow available for runoff during the early spring melt season. Increased LAI during the spring melt season tends to delay the snow melting process. This delay in snow melting process is due to reduced radiation beneath high LAI surfaces relative to low LAI surfaces. The model results suggest that annual runoff yield after removing deciduous vegetation is on average about 7% higher than with deciduous vegetation cover, while annual runoff yield after removing coniferous vegetation is on average as about 2% higher than that produced with coniferous vegetation cover. These simulations thus help quantify the sensitivity of water yield to vegetation change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国区域MODIS LAI产品及其改进

叶面积指数(LAI)是表征地表植被生长状况和进行陆面过程系统模拟的一个重要参数,搭载在Terra和Aqua两颗卫星上的MODIS传感器能够长时问收集全球陆地表面LAI的变化信息.然而,目前发布的MODIS LAI数据产品的时空不连续性制约着MODIS LAI产品在农作物长势监测与产量估计、地球表面过程模拟、全球变化研究等领域的应用.论文对中围区域MODIS LAI的标准产品进行了分析和总结,指出造成日前发布的中国区域MODIS LAI的标准产品在时间和空间上的不连续性,既有MODIS LAI反演算法的原因,更有MODIS反射率数据质量的原因.针对中国区域MODIS LAI标准产品存在的时空不连续性问题,论文在TSF滤波算法的基础上,进一步考虑地表反射率数据质量对MODIS LAI标准产品的影响,提出了改进的TSF滤波算法,并给出了基于该算法生成的时间上和空间上更具连续性的中国区域的MODIS LAI改进产品.本文发展的新算法和LAI改进产品可为相关研究提供LAI数据和产品算法参考.     

Directional effects on NDVI and LAI retrievals from MODIS: A case study in Brazil with soybean

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is largely used to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) using radiative transfer modeling (the “main” algorithm). When this algorithm fails for a pixel, which frequently occurs over Brazilian soybean areas, an empirical model (the “backup” algorithm) based on the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LAI is utilized. The objective of this study is to evaluate directional effects on NDVI and subsequent LAI estimates using global (biome 3) and local empirical models, as a function of the soybean development in two growing seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006). The local model was derived from the pixels that had LAI values retrieved from the main algorithm. In order to keep the reproductive stage for a given cultivar as a constant factor while varying the viewing geometry, pairs of MODIS images acquired in close dates from opposite directions (backscattering and forward scattering) were selected. Linear regression relationships between the NDVI values calculated from these two directions were evaluated for different view angles (0–25°; 25–45°; 45–60°) and development stages (<45; 45–90; >90 days after planting). Impacts on LAI retrievals were analyzed. Results showed higher reflectance values in backscattering direction due to the predominance of sunlit soybean canopy components towards the sensor and higher NDVI values in forward scattering direction due to stronger shadow effects in the red waveband. NDVI differences between the two directions were statistically significant for view angles larger than 25°. The main algorithm for LAI estimation failed in the two growing seasons with gradual crop development. As a result, up to 94% of the pixels had LAI values calculated from the backup algorithm at the peak of canopy closure. Most of the pixels selected to compose the 8-day MODIS LAI product came from the forward scattering view because it displayed larger LAI values than the backscattering. Directional effects on the subsequent LAI retrievals were stronger at the peak of the soybean development (NDVI values between 0.70 and 0.85). When the global empirical model was used, LAI differences up to 3.2 for consecutive days and opposite viewing directions were observed. Such differences were reduced to values up to 1.5 with the local model. Because of the predominance of LAI retrievals from the MODIS backup algorithm during the Brazilian soybean development, care is necessary if one considers using these data in agronomic growing/yield models.     

两种叶面积指数动态模拟方法的对比研究

为了获得宁夏灌区春小麦叶面积指数( Leaf Area Index,LAI)动态模拟的最佳方法,根据宁夏灌区典型农业试验观测站春小麦LAI的大田观测数据,分别运用农业气象学和遥感反演等方法模拟春小麦LAI的动态变化,并对两种方法的模拟精度进行综合对比分析.结果表明,运用分段函数(三叶至抽穗期运用遥感反演法,抽穗至乳熟期...     

利用CHRIS/PROBA数据定量反演草地LAI方法研究

以内蒙古锡林河流域典型草地为研究样区,基于新一代微卫星CHRIS/PROBA高光谱遥感数据,利用双层冠层反射率模型(A two - layer Canopy Reflectance Model,ACRM)定量反演叶面积指数(LAI).首先对高光谱数据进行预处理和统计分析,并结合反演结果对角度信息的敏感性进行分析,确定适...     

2003—2009年中国地区叶面积指数变化特征分析

为了解2003—2009年中国的叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)变化特征,以及不同数据产品的差别,利用基于MODIS数据反演的3组LAI产品,比较分析了中国地区LAI的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关。结果表明,3组数据具有总体一致的变化特点,增长区主要位于东北大兴安岭、华北、华中和西南等地;减少区则位于四川盆地、江南以及华南东部;但在云贵川和青藏高原东南部等地有明显差异。在量值上,中科院地理所反演的LAI(LAI1)总体比NASA反演的LAI(LAI2)和北京师范大学反演的LAI(LAI3)偏小,它们在中国常绿阔叶林区的差别可达1.0以上。LAI1与同期降水和气温都有显著的相关,相关系数的空间分布一致,但LAI1的相关系数比LAI3和LAI2偏低。3组数据的差异主要与采用的遥感源数据和反演方法等不同有关。尽管不同LAI数据产品局域和量值差异对定量分析有一定影响,但是它们在时空变化及与气候条件相关等方面的一致性证明了在气候及气候变化研究中的可用性。     

叶面积指数遥感尺度效应与尺度纠正

由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感反演模型的非线性必然会导致不同分辨率观测的遥感结果不一致,从而产生遥感产品尺度效应。本文研究了遥感产品尺度效应概念、模拟方法和定量计算模型,并利用锡林浩特草原研究区的实测数据,对尺度效应模型和方法进行了定量计算与验证分析。首先,基于不同升尺度方法与多尺度遥感成像机理之间的机理联系,通过“先反演再平均”与“先平均再反演”之间的差异,可计算“高”分辨率与“低”分辨率之间的遥感产品尺度差异。其次,分别以红光、近红外两波段反射率和归一化植被指数(NDVI)为自变量,对叶面积指数(LAI)非线性遥感模型进行泰勒展开,研究了模型非线性、遥感数据空间异质性对LAI遥感产品尺度差异的影响,发现高阶项可忽略,利用二阶导数项和遥感数据方差项可定量计算遥感产品尺度差异,经过二阶导数项纠正后的尺度差异相对偏差从5.6%分别降低到0.78%和1.45%。最后,分析了LAI遥感产品尺度效应的特征规律,得出以下结论:随着植被覆盖的增大,同等遥感空间异质性的LAI遥感产品尺度差异越大,且红光波段比近红外波段的尺度差异敏感性高近2个数量级;对于绝大部分陆地植被区域,存在“低分辨率低估”尺度效应,且遥感产品尺度差异的主导要素为LAI模型非线性,NDVI变量自身非线性对尺度效应贡献占23.5%;对于湿地类植被与水体混合情形,NDVI变量非线性的贡献为主导贡献,出现“低分辨率高估”尺度效应,必须利用红光、近红外两波段的二阶导数项非线性尺度差异,才能解释这一类型的LAI遥感产品尺度效应。本文建立了具有一定普适意义的遥感产品尺度效应定量模拟与尺度纠正方法,对推动定量遥感的尺度问题研究有一定参考价值。     

基于被动微波遥感技术的玉米冠层叶面积指数反演

基于玉米冠层结构参数实测数据和Matrix-Doubling(MD)模型构建了玉米出苗期至抽穗期的冠层多波段、双极化微波辐射特性模拟数据库;通过对模拟数据的回归分析得到了玉米冠层在各波段的微波发射率及其与透过率之间的经验关系,并将经验关系应用于0阶微波辐射传输模型;结合土壤发射率模型构建了玉米冠层覆盖地表的微波辐射亮温参数化计算模型,并基于该参数化模型、利用玉米样地微波亮温观测试验数据,采用迭代方法进行了玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的反演.研究表明,LAI反演值与实测值的相关系数r＞0.9,说明多波段被动微波遥感数据在植被冠层LAI反演方面具有较大的应用潜力.