用GPS定位数据研究L波段雷达数字探空仪系统的测高误差

我国高空站网已普遍推广L波段雷达-数字探空仪系统,但业务上作为测风使用的L波段雷达设备的探测精度只经过了近距离静态目标的标定,缺乏相关的动态检验.为了解该系统的动态探测性能,作者在数字探空仪上增加了GPS定位模块,以获得的GPS高度数据作标准,分析了2006年5月至6月上海和南京探空站23份施放记录,结果表明: L波段雷达设备由于水平标定精度不够,造成测高误差较大,100hPa高度以下最大系统误差达到几百米,而且每个站的误差带有系统性,但利用GPS高度数据与雷达测得高度的对比分析结果,来修正雷达仰角参数后,大幅度提高了L波段雷达的测高准确度,系统误差在100hPa高度以下不超过40m.因此在高空探测业务上以GPS定位资料作为L波段雷达定标的参考标准具有可行性.     

可业务化运行的L波段探空系统高空风改进算法

为进一步挖掘L波段高空气象探测业务系统原始资料潜力、优化改进现行测风业务算法,本文基于新疆博湖东岸L波段系统机动站累积的两年探空原始资料,提出了可业务化运行的高空风改进算法。该算法首先对雷达原始秒点坐标进行严格的质量控制,采用低通滤波、加权最小二乘法、线性补缺等方法去除探空仪摆动、雷达测量误差等对秒点坐标造成的扰动;然后采用逐秒点坐标滑动计算矢量平均风,通过与同球施放的GPS探空做比对分析得出,在全程使用50-60s计算时间窗口或前50分钟使用30-40s时间窗口、50分钟以后使用50-60s时间窗口条件下,雷达矢量平均风廓线与GPS矢量平均风廓线吻合较好;规定高度层风和固定垂直分辨率高度层风采用查找表方法确定,其结果不仅能在风场结构上与现行业务算法一致,同时能呈现出明显的风层脉动信息。     

GFE(L)1型二次测风雷达测角分系统故障分析与处理

根据GFE(L)1型二次测风雷达测角分系统的工作原理和故障诊断时应遵循的逻辑关系,将其功能电路归纳成相对独立的6个单元电路。按控制信号流程与单元电路的关系列出故障分析步骤,结合各单元电路关键点参数,能较快地定位故障元件。最后,列举了典型的故障实例,并介绍了维修方法和建议。     

降雨导致的海面粗糙度对Aquarius卫星盐度反演的影响研究

Rainfall has two significant effects on the sea surface, including salinity decreasing and surface becoming rougher,which have further influence on L-band sea surface emissivity. Investigations using the Aquarius and TRMM 3B42 matchup dataset indicate that the retrieved sea surface salinity(SSS) is underestimated by the present Aquarius algorithm compared to numerical model outputs, especially in cases of a high rain rate. For example, the bias between satellite-observed SSS and numerical model SSS is approximately 2 when the rain rate is 25 mm/h. The bias can be eliminated by accounting for rain-induced roughness, which is usually modeled by rain-generated ring-wave spectrum. The rain spectrum will be input into the Small Slope Approximation(SSA) model for the simulation of sea surface emissivity influenced by rain. The comparison with theoretical model indicated that the empirical model of rain spectrumis more suitable to be used in the simulation. Further, the coefficients of the rain spectrum are modified by fitting the simulations with the observations of the 2–year Aquarius and TRMM matchup dataset. The calculations confirm that the sea surface emissivity increases with the wind speed and rain rate. The increase induced by the rain rate is rapid in the case of low rain rate and low wind speed. Finally, a modified model of sea surface emissivity including the rain spectrum is proposed and validated by using the matchup dataset in May 2014. Compared with observations, the bias of the rain-induced sea surface emissivity simulated by the modified modelis approximately 1e–4, and the RMSE is slightly larger than 1e–3. With using more matchup data, thebias between model retrieved sea surface salinities and observationsmay be further corrected,and the RMSE may be reduced to less than 1 in the cases of low rain rate and low wind speed.     

新型海洋微波遥感器技术研究进展

海洋微波遥感器是目前全球海洋动力环境参数观测、海上目标监测的重要手段。为克服现有微波遥感器在观测中存在的不足,发展新型的海洋微波遥感器是必然的。文中主要介绍了海浪波谱仪、成像高度计和盐度计三种新型海洋微波遥感器,在介绍其国内外研究现状的基础上,指出了下一步应研究的重点。     

新一代高空探测系统使用技巧和故障处理方法

L波段二次测风雷达-电子探空仪高空气象探测系统是新一代高空气象探测系统,其性能、操作方法、业务流程等与59-701探测系统有所不同。文章介绍了杭州高空站2002~2004年3年中使用新一代高空气象探测系统的一些使用技巧和故障处理方法。内容包括雷达检查、探空仪基测、电池浸泡、仪器装配、瞬间观测及数据输入、气球施放、旁瓣抓球判断、探测中途丢球、放球软件出现非正常现象等。     

ALOS PALSAR双极化数据水稻制图

以江苏省海安县为研究区,使用2008年获取的日本ALOS卫星PALSAR双极化模式数据,分析水稻在L波段SAR图像上的后向散射特征,并提出相应的水稻制图方法。水稻在L波段上表现出了和C波段相同的时相变化特征。HH极化后向散射依赖于水稻植株的空间分布结构,某些机械插秧区域的布拉格共振现象引起水稻后向散射严重增强,给利用PALSAR数据水稻制图带来了困难。而HV极化不存在布拉格共振现象。在考虑布拉格共振影响的条件下,提出了联合PALSAR双极化模式HH和HV极化数据、基于时相变化特征进行水稻制图的方法,获得了88.4%的制图精度。     

Parametric exponentially correlated surface emission model for L-band passive microwave soil moisture retrieval

Surface soil moisture is an important parameter in hydrology and climate investigations. Current and future satellite missions with L-band passive microwave radiometers can provide valuable information for monitoring the global soil moisture. A factor that can play a significant role in the modeling and inversion of microwave emission from land surfaces is the surface roughness. In this study, an L-band parametric emission model for exponentially correlated surfaces was developed and implemented in a soil moisture retrieval algorithm. The approach was based on the parameterization of an effective roughness parameter of H_p in relation with the geometric roughness variables (root mean square height s and correlation length l) and incidence angle. The parameterization was developed based on a large set of simulations using an analytical approach incorporated in the advanced integral equation model (AIEM) over a wide range of geophysical properties. It was found that the effective roughness parameter decreases as surface roughness increases, but increases as incidence angle increases. In contrast to previous research, H_p was found to be expressed as a function of a defined slope parameter m = s²/l, and coefficients of the function could be well described by a quadratic equation. The parametric model was then tested with L-band satellite data in soil moisture retrieval algorithm over the Little Washita watershed, which resulted in an unbiased root mean square error of about 0.03 m³/m³ and 0.04 m³/m³ for ascending and descending orbits, respectively.     

L波段探空系统高空风平滑计算方法探讨

在分析现行业务L波段探空系统测风原理的基础上,提出改进高空测风数据的平滑计算方法.首先比较了业务分钟风与滑动平均风两种高空测风数据的平滑计算办法,并与GPS RS92测风数据进行了对比分析和批统计处理,特别是对业务L波段雷达在1～21、22～42和43分钟及以后采取不同的时间隔计算风的规定给出了分时段以及低仰角、远距离和小风速的统计分析.结果显示,滑动平均法在选取合适的滑动平均窗口的条件下,其计算的高空风与GPS RS92测风结果一致性更好且动态误差小.建议未来改进业务L波段探空系统的高空风平滑计算方法时,采用窗口为1分钟的滑动平均方式或者前20分钟采用30秒,以后采用1分钟的分段滑动平均方法.     

用初估场对比中芬探空仪温度和位势高度记录

对部分高空台站2007—2009年近3年探空记录的统计分析表明:邻近测站同一型号探空仪的温度和位势高度记录与6 h数值预报初估场的平均偏差一致,但不同型号探空仪记录与初估场的平均偏差存在明显差异,因此可以利用初估场进行邻近测站不同型号探空仪之间的间接对比。该文利用初估场与台站探空记录的差值,分析了使用芬兰Vaisala公司RS92型探空仪的中国香港站与邻近的使用L波段探空仪的梧州、汕头、东源、阳江4站2年的温度和位势高度记录的系统差,结果表明:19:00(北京时,下同),L波段探空仪的温度和位势高度记录在平流层分别偏低达1℃和30 gpm;07:00,L波段探空仪的温度记录在对流层偏高0.4℃,导致其位势高度记录也在对流层偏高;两套设备的系统差不仅有显著的日夜差异和季节性差异,也存在一定的年际差异。