Model study of the relationship between sediment yield and river basin area

The SHETRAN physically based, spatially distributed model is used to investigate the scaling relationship linking specific sediment yield to river basin area, for two contrasting topographies of upland and more homogeneous terrain and as a function of sediment source, land use and rainfall distribution. Modelling enables the effects of the controls to be examined on a systematic basis, while avoiding the difficulties associated with the use of field data (which include limited data, lack of measurements for nested basins and inability to isolate the effects of individual controls). Conventionally sediment yield is held to decrease as basin area increases, as the river network becomes more remote from the headwater sediment sources (an inverse relationship). However, recent studies have reported the opposite variation, depending on the river basin characteristics. The simulation results are consistent with these studies. If the sediment is supplied solely from hillslope erosion (no channel bank erosion) then, with uniform land use, sediment yield either decreases or is constant as area increases. The downstream decrease is accentuated if rainfall (and thence erosion) is higher in the headwaters than at lower elevations. Introducing a non‐uniform land use (e.g. forest at higher elevations, wheat at lower elevations) can reverse the trend, so that sediment yield increases downstream. If the sediment is supplied solely from bank erosion (no hillslope erosion), the sediment yield increases downstream for all conditions. The sediment yield/basin area relationship can thus be inverse or direct, depending on basin characteristics. There still remains, therefore, considerable scope for defining a universal scaling law for sediment yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东湾背斜构造特征与勘探目标选择

东湾背斜位于准噶尔盆地南缘,采用多种地球物理及地质方法,通过多次论证,证明构造是落实的,且其烃源岩、储集层以及盖层条件都较好,但2003年完钻的东湾1井钻探结果却无任何油气显示。在深入了解准噶尔盆地南缘区域构造背景的基础上,探讨了东湾背斜的构造特征、构造演化过程及油气成藏条件,总结出东湾背斜的油气聚集规律,指出在东湾地区可能存在的两种油气藏模式,最后提出下步有利勘探目标区。     

苏北盆地XH 1＃钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分相关性变化特征及其意义研究

对苏北盆地XH 1#钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性进行了研究，研究结果表明，此钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性在不同深度段内有着不同的表现:在350～247 m深度段内，磁化率大小与中值粒径大小表现为负相关、与4～12Φ各粒级组分百分含量表现为正相关；在234～0 m深度段内，磁化率大小与中值粒径大小表现为正相关，与1～3Φ粒级组分百分含量表现为密切的正相关；247～234 m深度段是上述两种相关性变化的一个过渡阶段。环境磁学实验结果也揭示出在上下两个深度段内磁性矿物组成上也存在差异。这种不同深度段内磁化率与粒度组分相关性上的大的变化，以及磁性矿物组成上的差异共同揭示出，在深度247～234 m这段沉积物的沉积过程中，苏北盆地内可能发生了一次重大的事件，正是这次重大事件的发生导致了碎屑沉积物来源的改变，出现了上下两部分磁化率大小与粒度组分相关性上的差异。     

Mantle process beneath Philippine Sea back-arc spreading ridges: A synthesis of peridotite petrology and tectonics

Abstract In order to obtain a general view of the mantle process beneath a back‐arc basin spreading ridge, the diversity of peridotite petrology and tectonic occurrences in two back‐arc basin spreading ridges from the Philippine Sea were examined: the Parece Vela Rift and the Mariana Trough. The Parece Vela Basin spreading ridge (Parece Vela Rift) was a physically fast/intermediate‐spreading ridge, although many tectono‐magmatic features resemble those of slow‐ to ultraslow‐spreading ridges. Two unusual features of the Parece Vela Rift further demonstrate the uniqueness of the ridge: full‐axial development of oceanic core complexes and exposure of mantle peridotite at segment midpoints. The Parece Vela Rift yields a lithological assemblage of residual but still fertile lherzolite/harzburgite, plagioclase‐bearing harzburgite and dunite; similar assemblages are reported from the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at the Romanche Fracture Zone and the ultraslow‐spreading ridges from the Indian and Arctic Oceans. The tectono‐magmatic characteristics of the Parece Vela Rift suggest that diffuse porous melt flow and pervasive melt–mantle interaction were the important mantle processes there. Globally, this ‘porous melt flow‐type’ mantle process is likely to occur beneath a segment midpoint of the ridge having a thick lithosphere, typically an ultraslow‐spreading ridge. In contrast, the Mariana Trough is a typical slow‐spreading ridge, exposing mantle peridotite at segment ends. The Mariana Trough yields a lithological assemblage of residual harzburgite and veined harzburgite, a common assemblage among the global abyssal peridotite suite. The tectono‐magmatic characteristics of the Mariana Trough suggest that channeled melt/fluid flow and limited melt–mantle interaction are the important mantle processes there, because of the colder wall‐rock peridotite in the segment end. This ‘channeled melt flow‐type’ mantle process is likely to occur in the shallow lithospheric mantle at the segment ends of any spreading ridges.     

Geomorphic characteristics of the Minjiang drainage basin (eastern Tibetan Plateau) and its tectonic implications: New insights from a digital elevation model study

Abstract   The Minshan Mountain and adjacent region are the major continental escarpments along the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The Minjiang drainage basin is located within the plateau margin adjacent to the Sichuan Basin. Based on the analysis of the digital elevation model (DEM) acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), we know that the Minjiang drainage basin has distinct geomorphic characteristics. The regular increasing of local topographic relief from north to south is a result of the Quaternary sediment deposition within the plateau and the holistic uplift of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau versus the Sichuan Basin. Results from DEM-determined Minjiang drainage sub-basins and channel profiles show that the tributaries on the opposite sides are asymmetric. Lower perimeter and area of drainage sub-basins, total channel length and bifurcation ratio within eastern flank along the Minjiang mainstream are the result of the Quaternary differential uplift of the Minshan Mountain region. Shorter stream lengths and lower bifurcation ratio might be the indications of the undergrowth and newborn features of these eastern streams, which are also representative for the eastern uplift of the Minshan Mountain.     

云南兰坪—思茅盆地中轴构造带的特征及其研究意义

笔者利用云南西部已有的DSS地震测深、石油反射地震资料的再解释,并通过地球物理、地球化学以及矿产等资料的综合分析,对滇西兰坪—思茅盆地内的中轴构造带的构造特征进行了深入分析。研究结果表明兰坪—思茅盆地内的中轴构造带是一条近南北走向的集断裂带、伸展构造、深部隆起为一身的大型构造带。地震测深的速度结构及反射地震剖面表明,中轴构造带在思茅盆地南部存在有深部地幔的上隆现象,该构造带内的断裂系统倾向在盆地南北有差异。研究发现该构造带与矿床、侵入碱性岩体及区域地化异常分布有密切的关系。结合地质构造分析研究,表明该构造带是一多期活动的重要构造带,具有伸展走滑的性质;中轴构造带在形成、演化过程中被近东西向的多条直线型断裂所错断,从构造形态上看与大洋中脊有相似的展布特征。该构造带对盆地的构造演化以及矿产形成具有重要控制作用。     

公婆泉盆地下白垩统新民堡群层序地层和铀成矿特点

本文论述了公婆泉盆地下白垩统新民堡群的层序地层特点———层序分布和时代、界面特征和内部构成、沉积相,以及层间氧化带和铀矿化特点。认为该盆地在公婆泉地段具有一定的找铀矿远景,但北骆驼泉地段铀成矿条件不佳,那林疏怀地段不具备铀成矿远景。     

伊犁盆地侏罗系水西沟群层序地层学研究

伊犁盆地侏罗系水西沟群是一套在基本一致的构造应力和沉积环境下形成的含煤碎屑岩建造,但在这套地层的中部(三工河组)出现了岩性、颜色的突变,并且对应的测井曲线也出现明显的突坎现象。笔者运用层序地层学的观点,从年代地层、岩性、体系域、沉积韵律以及测井曲线解释等5方面对这一现象进行了分析,认为该群中部存在一不整合面(或层序界面),并尝试对水西沟群层序地层进行重新划分。     

海拉尔盆地西部蚀源区岩石提供铀源能力的研究

利用U-Pb同位素组成演化对海拉尔盆地西部西胡里吐盆地蚀源区火山岩类和克鲁伦凹陷蚀源区花岗岩类岩石的研究表明:蚀源区岩石原始铀含量(U0)较高,火山岩类平均U0为10.061×106,铀变化系数(ΔU)平均为49.57%;花岗岩类平均U0为18.381×106,ΔU平均为80%。这些结果显示了蚀源区岩石能为沉积砂体提供预富集的物质基础,也能提供成矿铀源。岩石的U-Ra平衡系数研究表明,火山岩类存在明显的U-Ra不平衡现象,而花岗岩提供成矿铀源应发生在16000a以前。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿区砂岩型铀矿地浸水文地质条件初步分析评价

本文对鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩型铀矿的水文地质条件、含矿含水层的岩性、水文地质结构、水动力条件、水文地球化学特征进行了系统分析和评价,认为地浸水文地质条件良好,可满足地浸采矿要求。针对该地区承压水头小、涌水量偏低的实际情况,结合抽注水连通试验涌水量显著增大的试验结果,提出了加压注水的技术方案,以人工方法提高地下水承压水头,增大涌水量,使之满足地浸采矿要求。