华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动

根据断层形变求解的华北地区异常参数和应变累积率, 研究了华北主要断裂带的断层形变异常及其应震特征。 同一断裂带上的形变异常与该带上的地震有较好的对应性。 河套—张家口—蓬莱活动构造带上发生的强震, 北京地区的断层形变异常参数在总体上几乎都有明显的前兆性异常。 山西带北部的断层形变异常参数对山西断陷带及其延伸部位上的强震同样有较好的反映。 断层应变累积率反映了应力的积累程度, 其值相对较大时, 测点所在地区的地震较活跃, 反之亦然。     

中国数字地震台网记录的昆仑山口西地震的球型自由振荡

利用中国数字地震台网 (CDSN)改造后的7个台站的VHZ波形资料, 采用功率谱密度估计方法, 利用中国数字地震台网地震仪对低频信号压制的特点, 在没有对资料去除固体潮影响的情况下, 提取了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西地震激发的₀S₄~₀S₇₆地球球型自由振荡, 并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡周期进行对比, 结果表明与PREM预测的球型自由振荡周期符合得很好。 该地震的地球自由振荡信息, 可用于地震震源机制研究和地球内部结构研究。     

科里奥利力效应与昆仑山口西8.1级地震后两侧地震活动的可能关系

根据物理学中科里奥利力原理, 分析了以走滑断层为主的大地震产生的科里奥利力对地震断层两侧邻近地区地震活动的可能影响。结果表明, 在昆仑山口西8.1级地震后东昆仑断裂带南北两侧邻近地区较大地震一般发生在8.1级地震产生的科里奥利力引起的库仑破裂应力增加地区。     

Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

The effects of failure mode transition from tensile to shear on structural style and fault zone architecture have long been recognized but are not well studied in 3D, although the two modes are both common in the upper crust of Earth and terrestrial planets, and are associated with large differences in transport properties. We present a simple method to study this in physical scale models of normal faults, using a cohesive powder embedded in cohesionless sand. By varying the overburden thickness, the failure mode changes from tensile to hybrid and finally to shear. Hardening and excavating the cohesive layer allows post mortem investigation of 3D structures at high resolution. We recognize two end member structural domains that differ strongly in their attributes. In the tensile domain faults are strongly dilatant with steep open fissures and sharp changes in strike at segment boundaries and branch points. In the shear domain fault dips are shallower and fault planes develop striations; map-view fault traces undulate with smaller changes in strike at branches. These attributes may be recognized in subsurface fault maps and could provide a way to better predict fault zone structure in the subsurface.     

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带得力斯坦南MOR型玄武岩地质、地球化学特征及岩石成因

东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂带发育有较多OIB型玄武岩, 这类玄武岩成因与地幔柱密切相关.与灰岩密切伴生的具有MOR型特征的基性火山岩亦是东昆仑南缘古特提斯洋盆一类重要的海山玄武岩.为了查明布青山构造混杂带中不同类型洋岛或海山玄武岩的岩石成因, 对得力斯坦南玄武岩进行了详细的地质、地球化学和岩石成因研究.布青山地区得力斯坦南出露的玄武岩岩石类型复杂多样, 主要由枕状玄武岩、气孔-杏仁状玄武岩、角砾状玄武岩和块状玄武岩组成.主量元素地球化学特征表明, 该套玄武岩属于深海拉斑玄武岩和洋脊拉斑玄武岩系列.得力斯坦南玄武岩∑REE介于34.51×10-6~61.60×10-6, LREE/HREE介于0.89~1.37, (La/Yb)_N介于0.30~0.56, δEu介于0.90~1.18.球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图呈现轻稀土元素亏损的左倾型, 与NMORB型玄武岩稀土元素配分曲线基本相同.得力斯坦南玄武岩Zr、Hf、Nb和Ta含量均相当于NMORB的相应元素的丰度值.Zr/Nb值介于24.59~57.69, Nb/La值介于0.45~0.94, Hf/Ta值介于18.29~31.94.在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上, 曲线右侧高场强元素基本未分异(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等), 并贴近于NMORB标准线, 具有与NMORB玄武岩相似而明显不同于EMORB和OIB型玄武岩的特征.微量元素判别表明其形成于洋中脊或由于洋脊扩张向两侧后移的洋中脊构造环境, 结合其上覆盖有深水硅泥岩及浅水厚层状碳酸盐岩的地质事实, 认为其在地形地貌上属于古海山.岩石成因研究表明该套玄武岩起源于亏损地幔(DM), 并估算其为地幔二辉橄榄岩发生约10%部分熔融的产物.      

东昆仑卡而却卡铜矿区花岗闪长岩及其暗色微粒包体成因:锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

卡而却卡铜多金属矿区花岗闪长岩体中广泛分布具有似斑状结构的闪长质包体,包体主要为椭圆形,定向排列,具有与寄主岩石相似的矿物组合,但角闪石含量明显比寄主岩石高,具有明显的不平衡反应结构,发育针状磷灰石。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测试表明,暗色微粒包体形成于(234.1±0.6)Ma,寄主花岗闪长岩形成于(234.4±0.6)Ma,为岩浆混合作用的存在提供了有力证据。地球化学特征显示,暗色包体Si O2、Mg O含量较寄主岩石高,更偏基性;均富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,但寄主花岗闪长岩LaN/YbN值(11.6~19.0)明显高于暗色包体(5.0~9.7),Nb/Ta值(10.6~11.7)低于暗色包体(11.6~14.8)。二者具有相近的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,花岗闪长岩的εNd(t)值为-5.3~-4.2,(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.71110~0.71125,εHf(t)为-5.8~-3.4,tDM(Hf)为1012~1102 Ma;暗色包体的εNd(t)值为-5.2~-5.0,(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.71114~0.71171,εHf(t)为-6.3~-1.6,tDM(Hf)为937~1129 Ma。综上推测,在中三叠世俯冲—碰撞转换阶段,EMⅡ型富集岩石圈地幔在上涌软流圈物质的作用下发生部分熔融产生基性岩浆,并底侵下地壳物质局部熔融形成长英质岩浆房,进而由基性岩浆注入长英质岩浆房后,经过演化形成微粒包体,演化了的基性岩浆与长英质岩浆混合,最终形成含微粒包体的均一岩浆,这种岩浆结晶后形成含暗色包体花岗闪长岩。     

青海省兴海县日龙沟花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

赛什塘-日龙沟以铜为主的多金属矿田位于东昆仑与西秦岭的交接部位,分布有大量中酸性侵入体,与成矿作用有密切关系。通过对日龙沟锡多金属矿区花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素和岩石地球化学研究,认为该岩体形成于中三叠世(230.7±1.5Ma),属于相对贫硅(Si O2含量为62.24%~63.67%)、偏碱(碱度率AR为1.73~1.88)、过铝(铝饱和指数A/CNK介于2.37~2.70之间)的花岗闪长岩。稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=111×10-6~164×10-6),稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土元素富集(LREE/HREE=9.83~16.95)的右倾曲线,(La/Yb)N介于16.5~34.32之间,Eu、Gd具有弱负异常(δEu=0.79~0.98,δGd=0.73~0.81),而Tb具有弱正异常(δTb=1.23~1.28)。微量元素显示,Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素相对富集,Nb、Ta、Dy、Y、Ho、Yb、Lu等高场强元素亏损。岩相学特征显示,岩体主要由斜长石、黑云母、石英及角闪石组成;镜下可见2组斜长石及包含结构。综合判断认为,日龙沟花岗闪长岩体属I型花岗岩,可能是二叠系中性火山岩部分熔融形成的。结合野外地质调查,初步认为赛什塘-日龙沟矿田具有2期成矿作用。     

遥感影像三维可视化在新疆西昆仑区域地质调查中的应用

综合应用“3S”技术、遥感数字影像处理技术、虚拟现实等,通过遥感影像的几何校正、影像数据融合、高精度DEM生成和影像复合等技术,实现了新疆西昆仑地区遥感影像三维可视化。将遥感影像三维可视化及其影像动态分析运用于新疆西昆仑区域地质调查（1∶5万）工作,可提高地质填图效率、丰富地质填图成果     

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Structural properties of fractured and faulted Cretaceous platform carbonates,Murge Plateau (southern Italy)

The Upper Cretaceous carbonates cropping out in the Murge Plateau are good analogues of the fractured and faulted carbonate oil reservoirs of southern Italy. For this reason, a detailed field analysis focused on structural architecture of fault and fracture networks has been carried out in the Murge Plateau. The well-bedded carbonates exposed there are crosscut by a set of bed-parallel stylolites and two sets of bed-perpendicular cross-orthogonal joints/veins. These structural elements were likely formed under vertical loading during burial diagenesis and flexure of the Apulian foreland of the Southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt. Bed-parallel stylolites and bed-perpendicular cross-orthogonal joints/veins represent the background deformation that was overprinted by the fault-related localized deformation. The fault sets documented in the study area are arranged in two kinematically-compatible fault networks. The first one is made up of WNW-ESE and NNW-SSE oriented strike-slip faults, right- and left-lateral, respectively, and NW–SE oriented normal faults. The second fault network consists of WNW-ESE oriented left-lateral strike-slip faults, and NE–SW oriented normal faults.First, both architecture and dimensional parameters of the fault and fracture networks have been characterized and computed by means of statistical analysis. Then, the permeability structures associated to the aforementioned networks have been assessed in order to determine the role exerted by fault architecture and dissolution/cementation processes on the fluid storage and migration pathways within the studied platform carbonates. Network 1 faults show a quite variable fluid behavior, in which the fluid flow is strongly affected by inherited structural elements and karst dissolution, whereas network 2 faults show a more uniform, fluid conduit behavior.