联合多源数据反演郯庐断裂带南段地壳三维速度结构

郯庐断裂带南段位于不同块体交汇区, 高分辨率的地壳速度结构有助于理解该地区的构造特征及成因.本文基于多源数据, 利用2015年安徽实验中气枪的体波和高频面波, 2008—2018年区域地震体波信号以及背景噪声面波频散等资料, 将不同来源、不同周期的面波频散数据和体波走时进行联合反演, 获取了郯庐断裂带南段的高精度地壳速度结构.研究结果表明: (1)加入面波信息进行联合反演后, 获取的P波和S波速度模型的分辨能力较单一体波数据反演在中下地壳均有显著提升.(2)郯庐断裂带是控制区域异常的主要因素, 两侧具有明显的速度差异.地震主要发生在断层附近, 集中分布于高低速交界区.(3)秦岭—大别造山带下方5~10 km深度存在明显的高速异常体, 对应于超高压变质岩, 是大陆深俯冲经历超高压变质作用后折返上升到中上地壳形成的.(4)长江中下游成矿带的矿集区呈现高的P波和S波速度值, 可能是陆内俯冲、岩石圈拆沉、幔源岩浆底侵和一系列成矿作用共同造就的.

     

波动方程初至波多信息联合反演方法

地震初至波中包含着丰富的近地表速度结构信息,如何分阶段、分尺度地利用这些信息进行近地表速度建模是地震勘探中的一个关键问题.在速度反演的不同阶段,综合利用初至波中的不同信息(如走时、包络和波形等)进行联合反演,可以有效地降低反演对初始模型的依赖程度,提高近地表速度模型的反演精度.为此,本文提出了一种统一基于波动方程正演引...     

天山中东段地区震源参数的初步应用研究

采用多台多地震联合反演的方法,首先得到了新疆天山中东段地区2001年以来MS≥2.5的105次中小地震的震源谱,进而测定了地震矩、拐角频率与应力降等震源参数,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。在此基础上开展了该研究区应力降时空变化的动态跟踪工作,最后对研究区2004年6月以前的应力降时空演化特征做了一定程度的探讨。分析表明,该地区的地震矩、拐角频率与应力降等震源参数与震级有一定的相关性,应力降的时空演化特征可以作为该地区今后地震趋势预测的一种新手段。     

三维层状场地的精确动力刚度矩阵及格林函数

本文对Wolf二维层状场地精确动力刚度矩阵进行推广,给出了三维层状场地的精确动力刚度矩阵。刚度矩阵具有对称的特点,且因刚度矩阵是精确的,计算结果不受土层单元厚度的影响,可以大大提高计算效率。文中对刚度矩阵进行了数值验证。利用三维层状场地动力刚度矩阵,计算分析了基岩上单一土层场地的动力响应。最后作为动力刚度矩阵的另一重要应用,给出了表面或埋置矩形均布荷载或集中荷载的动力格林函数计算方法。     

基阶与高阶瑞利波联合反演研究

研究了六层层状介质模型瑞利波基阶和高模式波相速度对横波速度、深度的敏感性,结果表明：基阶波较高模式波对7 m以内浅部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带在10～25 Hz范围内,峰值频带集中在18 Hz左右;高模式波较基阶波对深部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带宽,峰值分散.基阶波对浅层的敏感性和高模式波穿透深度更深的特点为近地表岩土层二维横波速度结构的联合反演提供了前提条件.利用阻尼最小二乘SVD（Singular Value Decomposition）算法联合基阶与高模式波对理论模型和实例数据进行横波速度反演,反演结果表明联合反演增强了反演的稳定性,提高了反演的精度.     

VTI介质多参数联合走时层析成像方法

本文基于球谐展开群速度表达式计算走时关于各向异性参数的Fréchet核函数,利用共轭梯度法对两种参数化方法进行了VTI介质中多参数联合反演方法研究.经过理论分析和数值试验发现,与经典的Thomsen参数化方法相比,垂直慢度、水平慢度与动校正慢度的参数化方式更有利于VTI介质多参数联合走时层析反演.为了克服走时对ε参数的不敏感性,我们采用了两步法进行双参数反演,理论模型试验反演得到了与垂直速度精度相当的ε参数.可以将两步法扩展到三步法以同时反演各向异性介质中的三个参数,数值试验展示了该策略的应用潜力.     

The effective stiffness of modern unreinforced masonry walls

Code design of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is based on elastic analysis, which requires as input parameter the effective stiffness of URM walls. Eurocode estimates the effective stiffness as 50% of the gross sectional elastic stiffness, but comparisons with experimental results have shown that this may not yield accurate predictions. In this paper, 79 shear‐compression tests of modern URM walls of different masonry typologies from the literature are investigated. It shows that both the initial and the effective stiffness increase with increasing axial load ratio and that the effective‐to‐initial stiffness ratios are approximately 75% rather than the stipulated 50%. An empirical relationship that estimates the E‐modulus as a function of the axial load and the masonry compressive strength is proposed, yielding better estimates of the elastic modulus than the provision in Eurocode 6, which calculates the E‐modulus as a multiple of the compressive strength. For computing the ratio of the effective to initial stiffness, a mechanics‐based formulation is built on a recently developed analytical model for the force‐displacement response of URM walls. The model attributes the loss in stiffness to diagonal cracking and brick crushing, both of which are taken into account using mechanical considerations. The obtained results of the effective‐to‐initial stiffness ratio agree well with the test data. A sensitivity analysis using the validated model shows that the ratio of effective‐to‐initial stiffness is for most axial load ratios and wall geometries around 75%. Therefore, a modification of the fixed ratio of effective‐to‐initial stiffness from 50% to 75% is suggested.     

3D joint inversion of magnetotelluric and airborne tipper data: a case study from the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit,British Columbia,Canada

Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and broadband magnetotelluric data were used to determine three‐dimensional electrical resistivity models of the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit in British Columbia. Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic data are collected with a helicopter, thus allowing rapid surveys with uniform spatial sampling. Ground‐based magnetotelluric surveys can achieve a greater exploration depth than Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic surveys, but data collection is slower and can be limited by difficult terrain. The airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and the ground magnetotelluric tipper data show good agreement at the Morrison deposit despite differences in the data collection method, spatial sampling, and collection date. Resistivity models derived from individual inversions of the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and magnetotelluric impedance data contain some similar features, but the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic model appears to lack resolution below a depth of 1 km, and the magnetotelluric model suffers from non‐uniform and relatively sparse spatial sampling. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion solves these issues by combining the dense spatial sampling of the airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic technique and the deeper penetration of the lower frequency magnetotelluric data. The resulting joint resistivity model correlates well with the known geology and distribution of alteration at the Morrison deposit. Higher resistivity is associated with the potassic alteration zone and volcanic country rocks, whereas areas of lower resistivity agree with known faults and sedimentary units. The pyrite halo and ≥0.3% Cu zone have the moderate resistivity that is expected of disseminated sulphides. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion provides an improved resistivity model by enhancing the lateral and depth resolution of resistivity features compared with the individual Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and magnetotelluric inversions. This case study shows that a joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic–magnetotelluric approach effectively images the interpreted mineralised zone at the Morrison deposit and could be beneficial in exploration for disseminated sulphides at other porphyry deposits.     

填充墙刚度设计分析

我国抗震规范中填充墙对结构刚度影响考虑比较粗略,震害调查发现实际工程中由于没有充分考虑填充墙对结构刚度的影响,填充墙布置不当,使结构造成不应有的破坏。利用现有结构设计程序,可以充分模拟填充墙的刚度,使得填充墙刚度直接参与到结构的空间分析中,从而得到相对更为准确的设计数据。尤其是对结构底层柱水平位移的分析和层间位移的分析,在结构抗震设计中非常重要。     

Scaling of strength reduction factors for degrading elasto‐plastic oscillators

The inelastic (design) spectra characterizing a seismic hazard are generally obtained by the scaling‐down of the elastic (design) spectra via a set of response modification factors. The component of these factors, which accounts for the ductility demand ratio, is known as the strength reduction factor (SRF), and the variation of this factor with initial period of the oscillator is called an SRF spectrum. This study considers scaling of the SRF spectrum in the case of an elasto‐plastic oscillator with strength and stiffness degradation characteristics. Two models are considered: one depending directly on the characterization of source and site parameters and the other depending on the normalized design spectrum characterization of the seismic hazard. The first model is the same as that proposed earlier by the second author, and is given in terms of earthquake magnitude, strong‐motion duration, predominant period, geological site conditions, ductility demand ratio, and ductility supply‐related parameter. The second model is a new model proposed here in terms of the normalized pseudo‐spectral acceleration values (to unit peak ground acceleration), ductility demand ratio and ductility supply‐related parameter. For each of these models, least‐square estimates of the coefficients are obtained through regression analyses of the data for 956 recorded accelerograms in western U.S.A. Parametric studies carried out with the help of these models confirm the dependence of SRFs on strong‐motion duration and earthquake magnitude besides predominant period and site conditions. It is also seen that degradation characteristics make a slight difference for high ductility demands and may lead to lower values of SRFs, unless the oscillators are very flexible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.