Classifying natural-language spatial relation terms with random forest algorithm

The exponential growth of natural language text data in social media has contributed a rich data source for geographic information. However, incorporating such data source for GIS analysis faces tremendous challenges as existing GIS data tend to be geometry based while natural language text data tend to rely on natural language spatial relation (NLSR) terms. To alleviate this problem, one critical step is to translate geometric configurations into NLSR terms, but existing methods to date (e.g. mean value or decision tree algorithm) are insufficient to obtain a precise translation. This study addresses this issue by adopting the random forest (RF) algorithm to automatically learn a robust mapping model from a large number of samples and to evaluate the importance of each variable for each NLSR term. Because the semantic similarity of the collected terms reduces the classification accuracy, different grouping schemes of NLSR terms are used, with their influences on classification results being evaluated. The experiment results demonstrate that the learned model can accurately transform geometric configurations into NLSR terms, and that recognizing different groups of terms require different sets of variables. More importantly, the results of variable importance evaluation indicate that the importance of topology types determined by the 9-intersection model is weaker than metric variables in defining NLSR terms, which contrasts to the assertion of ‘topology matters, metric refines’ in existing studies.     

Attenuation behaviour of tuffaceous sandstone and granite during microfracturing

Laboratory measurements of ultrasonic wave propagation in tuffaceous sandstone (Kimachi, Japan) and granite (Iidate, Japan) were performed during increasing fracturing of the samples. The fracturing was achieved by unconfined uniaxial compression up to and beyond the point of macrofracture of the specimen using a constant low strain rate. The observed variation of wave velocity (up to 40 per cent) due to the development of micro- and macrofractures in the rock is interpreted by rock models relating velocity changes to damage and crack density. The calculated density of the newly formed cracks reaches higher values for the sandstone than for the granite. Using the estimated crack densities, the attenuation behaviour is interpreted in terms of different attenuation mechanisms; that is, friction and scattering. Rayleigh scattering as described by the model of Hudson (1981 ) may explain the attenuation qualitatively if the largest plausible crack dimensions are assumed in modelling.     

Numerical simulation of the propagation of P waves in fractured media

We study the propagation of P waves through media containing open fractures by performing numerical simulations. The important parameter in such problems is the ratio between crack length and incident wavelength. When the wavelength of the incident wavefield is close to or shorter than the crack length, the scattered waves are efficiently excited and the attenuation of the primary waves can be observed on synthetic seismograms. On the other hand, when the incident wavelength is greater than the crack length, we can simulate the anisotropic behaviour of fractured media resulting from the scattering of seismic waves by the cracks through the time delay of the arrival of the transmitted wave. The method of calculation used is a boundary element method in which the Green's functions are computed by the discrete wavenumber method. For simplicity, the 2-D elastodynamic diffraction problem is considered. The rock matrix is supposed to be elastic, isotropic and homogeneous, while the cracks are all empty and have the same length and strike direction. An iterative method of calculation of the diffracted wavefield is developed in the case where a large number of cracks are present in order to reduce the computation time. The attenuation factor Q ⁻¹ of the direct waves passing through a fractured zone is measured in several frequency bands. We observe that the attenuation factor Q ⁻¹ of the direct P wave peaks around kd = 2, where k is the incident wavenumber and d the crack length, and decreases proportionally to ( kd ) ⁻¹ in the high-wavenumber range. In the long-wavelength domain, the velocity of the direct P wave measured for two different crack realizations is very close to the value predicted by Hudson's theory on the overall elastic properties of fractured materials.     

Visualisation of bacterial degradation and mobilisation of oil in a porous medium

 Bacterial interaction with oil and sea water, in a porous medium, was studied using a transparent micro model mounted on a cybernetic-controlled positioning board of an inverted microscope. This was interfaced with computer-operated image analysis and surveillance equipment. Consecutive flooding of the model allowed oil to become trapped by capillary forces. Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were inoculated. The interaction of biofilm and oil was monitored during a period of 25 days, while mineral salts were supplied intermittently. A unique feature of biofilm behaviour was discovered. The phenomenon is discussed, and calculations are presented. A possible explanation of the phenomenon appears to be local reductions of the surface tension. The phenomenon helps explain why bacteria are able to mobilise oil trapped by capillary forces without reducing the interfacial tension to a level that leads to an increase in the capillary number sufficient to explain incremental oil recovery. The experimental design is believed to be suitable for studying biofilm behaviour on the pore level. Received: 26 January 1998 · Accepted: 9 July 1998     

Refraction Effect in Geothermal Heat Flow Due to a 3-D Prism in a Two-Layered Earth

A mathematical model of the disturbance of the stationary geothermal field due to a three-dimensional perturbing body embedded near the surface of a two layered earth. The theoretical analysis is based on the generalized theory of the double-layer potential, similar to the boundary integral method likely to direct current geoelectricity problems. Special attention is paid to cases in which a pan of the body's surface is tangential to the planar boundaries of the substratum or of the surface of the earth The numerical calculations are performed for a three-dimensional prism using methods similar to the boundary element method (BEM). Numerous graphs are shown for the disturbance of the temperature field and of the heat flow on the surface of the earth and along vertical profiles (boreholes).     

非混溶饱和两相渗流与孔隙介质耦合作用的理论研究——数学模型

基于连续介质力学的一般理论,在黑油多相渗流理论模型的基础上,推导了非混溶饱和两相渗流与变形孔隙介质耦合作用的数学模型方程,并对流固耦合效应进行了初步的讨论     

Seismic Wave Propagation and Excitation in Multi-layered Media with Irregular Interfaces Part (Ⅰ): SH Case

Study of seismic wave excitation and propagation in laterally heterogeneous media was an active and important subject in seismology in the past two decades, numerous analytical and numerical efforts have been made in this research field. In this article, I have, first, made a brief review on those developments and then introduced and summarized a unified and efficient method, global generalized reflection-transmission (abbreviated to R/T thereafter) matrices method, for synthetic seismograms in multi-layered media with irregular interfaces developed by the author [24~26]. As demonstrated in this article, this method could be regarded as an extension of the generalized R/T coefficients method for the horizontally layered case [2,5] to the layered media with irregularly shaped interfaces by incorporating the T matrices technique [27,28]. Because of the use of a recursive scheme in computing the global generalized R/T matrices, this method is efficient, particularly for the case with a large number of irre     

潜航器微气泡减阻数值模拟方法研究

近年来微气泡减阻技术应用于水面舰船的相关研究取得重要进展,许多舰船已经采用了此类技术。然而该技术在潜航器上的应用整体上仍处于理论分析和试验测试阶段。以回转体潜航器简化模型为研究对象,利用多孔介质来简化喷气小孔,并结合不可压缩水体和可压缩理想气体的流体体积（VOF）方法,建立了Realizable ε-k湍流计算模式。通过拖曳试验验证了多孔介质等效喷气小孔的合理性和数值模式的准确性,结合试验和数值结果探究了微气泡减阻技术对潜航器航行阻力的影响。数值结果显示,气泡对潜航器尾流低速区的改变使尾部压力分布产生变化从而导致压差阻力增高。同时气泡可以显著降低其覆盖区域的黏性阻力。并且随着来流速度的提高,气泡覆盖范围扩大,黏性减阻率持续增加。进一步地,建立了加长改进模型,数值模拟结果表明,微气泡减阻技术不仅能大幅减小黏性阻力,还能有效减小模型总阻力。