Time‐scale analysis in unsaturated porous media under external wave loads

Extreme waves caused by tsunamis and storm surges can lead to soil failures in the near‐shore region, which may have severe impact on coastal environments and communities. Multiphase flows in deformable porous media involve several coupled processes and multiple time scales, which are challenging for numerical simulations. The objective of this study is to investigate the roles of the various processes and their interactions in multiphase flows in unsaturated soils under external wave loading, via theoretical time‐scale analysis and numerical simulations. A coupled geomechanics–multiphase flow model based on conservation laws is used. Theoretical analysis based on coupled and decoupled models demonstrates that transient and steady‐state responses are governed by pore pressure diffusion and saturation front propagation, respectively, and that the two processes are essentially decoupled. Numerical simulations suggest that the compressibility of the pore fluids and the deformation of the soil skeleton are important when the transient responses of the media are of concern, while the steady‐state responses are not sensitive to these factors. The responses obtained from the fully coupled numerical simulations are explained by a simplified time‐scale analysis based on coupled and decoupled models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two formulations for dynamic response of a cylindrical cavity in cross‐anisotropic porous media

Two formulations for calculating dynamic response of a cylindrical cavity in cross‐anisotropic porous media based on complex functions theory are presented. The basis of the method is the solution of Biot's consolidation equations in the complex plane. Employing two groups of potential functions for solid skeleton and pore fluid (each group includes three functions), the u–w formulation of Biot's equations are solved. Difference of these two solutions refers to use of two various potential functions. Equations for calculating stress, displacement and pore pressure fields of the medium are mentioned based on each two formulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variability of volume strain in bounded heterogeneous media

The deformation of the solid matrix affects the fluid pore pressure and flow by altering the pore volume. Such interaction in turn affects the storage of groundwater in the void space. Obviously, this subject is of interest in groundwater hydrology. This paper describes an investigation of the effect of aquifer heterogeneity on the variability of the fluid pressure head and solid's volume strain, where the assumption of a constant vertical total stress leads to a relatively simple relationship between changes in solid's volume strain and fluid pressure head. To solve the problem analytically, focus is placed on the one‐dimensional models. It is found from our closed‐form solutions that the variance and correlation length of the log hydraulic conductivity are important in increasing the variability of pressure head and solid's volume strain. It is hoped that our findings will provide a basic framework for understanding and quantifying field‐scale volume strain processes and be useful in stimulating further research in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河西地区重力动态变化的二维离散小波多尺度分解

采用二维离散小波的多尺度分解技术，对1994～1995年和2002～2003年的河西地区重力动态变化进行分解，提取该地区不同层次的重力动态变化异常，结果反映了不同深度在一定尺度意义上的介质密度的动态变化分布。     

Extension of the Griffith's fracture criteria to saturated clays

Inglis [1] has solved the problem of distribution of stress in an elastic plate around an elliptical hole. His works clarify the role of cracks in the failure of an elastic material. However, his solution cannot be applied to saturated clay because he considers only total stresses, while, in saturated clay, the criterion of rupture should be expressed in terms of effective and not total stresses. The solution of Atkinson and Craster [2] using Biot's poroelasticity theory, shows that there is no high pore pressure in the vicinity of the crack tips for saturated clay. The major difference between this approach and the Biot's theory of is that, in saturated clay, strain is a function of the variation of the effective stress [3], while, in poroelastic media, strain is only a function of the variation of the total stress [4, Equation 2.2]. Also in their solution there is continuity between the pore fluid and the inner fluid in the crack. Their solution is valid for poroelastic media involving a movement of the pore fluid. In our solution there is no movement of the pore fluid (Undrained condition). In this paper we have solved the same problem as Inglis [1], but for the particular case of saturated clay obeying elastic law. By solving this problem we obtained the expressions for pore pressure, effective stress, total stress and displacements. The results show that not only the total stress but also the pore pressure and the effective stress are also high in the vicinity of the crack tips. A new failure criterion, based on Griffith's strain energy principle [5] and maximum tensile stress [6], valid for saturated clay is developed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤系变形介质条件研究在煤层小断层预测中的应用——以下峪口矿2号煤层为例

煤系介质条件作为构造形成和发育的的物质基础，必然影响断层的发育。以陕西下峪口煤矿2号煤层为对象，研究了煤层围岩介质参数与煤层小断层间的关系，确定了控制2号煤层小断层发育的4个主要因素，并据此建立了预测小断层发育程度的数学模型。     

Effective properties of a cemented or an injected granular material

In this paper the macroscopic elastic properties of injected or cemented sands are derived from the characteristics of the constituents and the analysis of the microstructure using a multi‐scale modelling approach. Particular interest is given to the choice of the representative elementary volume, by relying on existing microstructural data. The periodic homogenization is adopted and required numerical solutions are performed by the finite element method. An assessment of the validity of the multi‐scale approach is achieved through comparison with theoretical and experimental results on cemented and injected granular media reported in the literature. The capabilities of the model are also used to investigate the influence of geometrical and mechanical microscale parameters on the macroscopic behaviour of the treated materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reverse time migration with Gaussian beams using optimized ray tracing systems in transversely isotropic media

Prestack depth migration is a key technology for imaging complex reservoirs in media with strong lateral velocity variations. Prestack migrations are broadly separated into ray-based and wave-equation-based methods. Because of its efficiency and flexibility, ray-based Kirchhoff migration is popular in the industry. However, it has difficulties in dealing with the multi-arrivals, caustics and shadow zones. On the other hand, wave-equation-based methods produce images superior to that of the ray-based methods, but they are expensive numerically, especially methods based on two-way propagators in imaging large regions. Therefore, reverse time migration algorithms with Gaussian beams have recently been proposed to reduce the cost, as they combine the high computational efficiency of Gaussian beam migration and the high accuracy of reverse time migration. However, this method was based on the assumption that the subsurface is isotropic. As the acquired azimuth and maximum offsets increase, taking into account the influence of anisotropy on seismic migration is becoming more and more crucial. Using anisotropic ray tracing systems in terms of phase velocity, we proposed an anisotropic reverse time migration using the Gaussian beams method. We consider the influence of anisotropy on the propagation direction and calculate the amplitude of Gaussian beams with optimized correlation coefficients in dynamic ray tracing, which simplifies the calculations and improves the applicability of the proposed method. Numerical tests on anisotropic models demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, which can be used to image complex structures in the presence of anisotropy in the overburden.     

大地电磁测深反演技术有效性对比试验

设计了一个简单的三维模型:三维低阻异常体和高阻异常体位于一维层状介质模型中,以"十"字型和"米"字型观测剖面方式作为模拟方式,开展模型一维、二维、三维反演技术有效性对比试验,其中一维反演计算采用自适应正则化(ARIA)反演,二维反演计算采用非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)反演,三维反演计算采用REBOCC三维反演,将剖面下方不同的反演结果与原始模型进行对比分析,发现:在该模型条件下,一维和二维反演都能得到反映模型真实信息的结果,REBOCC三维反演更偏向重建原始模型的宏观电性特征;在一维反演结果中,对于深部的电性结构特征,通常TE极化模式的反演结果好于TM极化模式,TE/TM几何平均值反演结果介于前两者之间;在二维反演结果中,通常TM极化模式的反演结果好于TE极化模式,TE/TM联合模式反演结果与TM极化模型相当,甚至更好;模型REBOCC三维反演相比一维、二维反演更易受反演结果多解性影响,REBOCC三维反演结果偏向重建原始模型的宏观电性特征。