空间关联规则在土地利用与地形特征关系研究中的应用

空间关联规则是空间数据挖掘的重要内容,其结果表明了各种空间对象之间的关联关系．本研究以福州地区作为试验区,以DEM、坡度、坡向等地形特征以及2009年福州地区土地利用现状作为基础数据,利用Apriori算法从中提取出地形特征与土地利用现状之间的关联关系,讨论并分析两者之间关联规则的提取结果及空间关联规则提取方法的优缺点;研究结果表明了2009年福州地区的土地利用现状分布,即林地多,耕地、住宅用地等偏少的情况,林地分布在各种地形上且与坡向之间无强关联性;而且对于不同的最小置信度和支持度,该算法所提取的结果有所不同,如何提高算法效率、合理的设置最小置信度和支持度以及提取结果的评价与解释等将是今后进一步研究的重点．     

广花盆地西北部赤坭镇岩溶发育规律

根据现场综合岩溶地质调查结果,分析了广花盆地西北部赤坭镇的自然地质环境条件、岩溶发育程度和地面塌陷分布特征,探讨了岩溶在水平面上及垂向上的分布特征及成因.结果表明:广花盆地西北部赤坭镇存在大面积的隐伏岩溶分布区,岩溶发育程度严重不均;区内岩溶发育往往受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造以及水文地质条件等多种因素控制;岩溶发育程度的差异是控制地面塌陷的主要因素.     

一种基于规则的模糊中文地址分词匹配方法

在研究分析地址模型的基础上,建立了存储标准地址数据集的标准地址库和自定义的地址匹配规则库,提出了一种基于规则的模糊中文地址编码方法。该方法在依据标准地址库分词的同时,也沿着自定义的地址匹配规则进行推理,从而缩小了下次分词所用到的目标数据集,提高了系统执行效率。另外,通过借助构建的规则树与歧义栈,提高了文中定义的两类模糊地址匹配的成功率。最后,基于该算法建立了一个地理编码原型系统,并利用经济普查项目中的相关数据对算法的可用性进行了验证。     

空间关联规则在土地利用与地形特征关系研究中的应用

空间关联规则是空间数据挖掘的重要内容,其结果表明了各种空间对象之间的关联关系．本研究以福州地区作为试验区,以DEM、坡度、坡向等地形特征以及2009年福州地区土地利用现状作为基础数据,利用Apriori算法从中提取出地形特征与土地利用现状之间的关联关系,讨论并分析两者之间关联规则的提取结果及空间关联规则提取方法的优缺点...     

Hoek-Brown准则下预应力锚索锚固体破坏的极限分析

针对预应力锚索锚固体的破坏形式,采用Hoek-Brown强度准则及其相关联的流动法则,分别考虑锚固体界面产生滑脱破坏与锚固体周围岩体发生整体破坏两种工况,根据塑性力学中的上限分析定理,推导出了锚索极限抗拔力的计算公式与锚固体的破裂机制,并分别讨论了锚固段灌浆压力、锚固段长度与岩体强度参数等对极限抗拔力与破裂面形状的影响。计算表明:一定范围内增大锚固段长度和采用压力灌浆是提高锚索极限抗拔力的有效措施;当锚固段周围岩体发生整体破坏时,随着岩体经验参数A、岩体抗拉强度、抗压强度与重度的增加,锚索极限抗拔力不断增大,而随着经验参数B的增加,锚索极限抗拔力则不断减小;锚固段周围岩体破裂面形状呈现出对称的"喇叭形",这与现有文献中的研究成果相一致,而且岩体经验参数B是影响岩体破裂面形状的重要因素,它决定了岩体破裂面的曲率大小,当B=1时,岩体破裂曲面退化为圆锥面。     

东营油气开采区土壤环境污染状况

通过对东营油气开采污染区土壤环境状况的研究,发现井口附近土壤中Cr、Pb、Zn含量较高,随着离井口距离的加大向两侧有降低的趋势;Cd含量基本上在井口处表现为高值,在井口两侧的土壤中含量降低并趋于稳定;Cr、Zn含量受落油污染的影响较大,影响范围在1 m以内;Cu、Ni、Pb和As的含量随深度变化不大,仅在80 cm或1m深度处略有增加;多数采油井附近的土壤中,饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质的含量最大值存在于采油井口处,这与油田开发过程中落油易在井口处富集的现象相吻合;采油井附近土壤中烃类含量有随时间而逐渐减弱的趋势,说明开发时间越长烃类污染越严重。     

Field water surplus and deficit of major crops in dryland of northern China

1 IntroductionIn natural conditions, field water surplus or deficit is different between field water requirement and field water supply by nature. Field water requirement can be expressed either as potential field evapotranspiration or as crop water requirement. Potential field evapotranspiration is also called reference crop evapotranspiration which is defined as "the rate of evapotranspiration from an extensive surface of 8 to 15 cm tall, green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing…     

Numerical stability of non-local viscoplastic FEM analyses for the study of localisation processes

As is well known, numerically handling, by means of finite element codes, localisation problems involving softening materials is still quite delicate. As soon as strain localisation occurs, mesh dependence and serious problems of convergence take place. This paper deals with this type of problem in the case where localisation occurs in an ideal naturally cemented granular specimen tested under plane strain conditions. Different versions (a local elasto-plastic, a local viscoplastic and a non-local viscoplastic) of the same strain softening model are taken into consideration and the relative numerical results are critically discussed and compared. The snap-back problem is numerically taken into account and it has been demonstrated to be affected not only by the softening parameters but also by the viscous nucleus definition. To highlight the relationship between viscosity and non-locality, the results of a numerical parametric analysis are finally discussed.     

A cyclic elastoplastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for soils

An elastoplastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for soils is presented in this study, based on an original approach concerning viscous modelling. In this approach, the viscous behaviour is defined by internal viscous variables and a viscous yield surface. The model has been developed from a basic elastoplastic model (CJS model) by considering an additional viscous mechanism. The evolution of the viscous yield surface is governed by a particular hardening called ‘viscous hardening’. This model is able to explain the time-dependent behaviour of soils such as creep (primary, secondary and un-drained creep rupture), stress relaxation and strain rate effects in static and cyclic loadings. The existing problems in the classical elasto-viscoplastic models related to the plasticity failure, the rapid loading and the cyclic loading are solved in the proposed model. The physical meanings and the identification strategy of model parameters are clearly given. The validation on certain triaxial test results and the simulation of cyclic triaxial test indicate the capacity of this model in prediction of time-dependent behaviour of clayey soils.     

Application of a non-coaxial soil model in shallow foundations

The influence of a non-coaxial model for granular soils on shallow foundation analyses is investigated. The non-coaxial plasticity theory proposed by Rudnicki and Rice (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1975, 23, 371–394) is integrated into a Drucker–Prager model with both perfect plasticity and strain hardening. This non-coaxial model is numerically implemented into the finite-element program ABAQUS using a substepping scheme with automatic error control. The influence of the non-coaxial model on footing settlement and bearing capacity is investigated under various loading and boundary conditions. Compared with the predictions using conventional coaxial models, the non-coaxial prediction results indicate that the settlement of a footing increases significantly when the non-coaxial component of plastic strain rate is taken into consideration, although ultimate footing bearing capacities are not affected significantly. The non-coaxial model has a different effect on footing settlements under different loading and boundary conditions. In general, the discrepancies between coaxial and non-coaxial predictions increase with increasing rotation of principal stresses of the soil mass beneath a footing. It can be concluded that if the non-coaxial component of plastic strain rate is neglected in shallow foundation problems using the finite-element method, the results tend to be non-conservative when designs are dominated by settlement of footings.