中部六省城市体系规模序列研究

随着我国"中部崛起"战略的实施和中部地区城市化进程的加快,整合中部地区的城市体系,优化城市体系规模结构有着重要的意义.在对城市体系规模理论综述的基础上,对中部六省城市体系演变进行了分析.认为:中部六省具备了成为一个独立城市体系的基础条件,且内部具有很强的关联性;规模级城市呈首位式分布明显,而市区非农业人口在10万以上中部地区城市组成的体系符合位序规模分布;城市体系规模结构趋向合理,城市人口不断向少数高位次城市集中的趋势明显.根据中部六省城市体系未来发展趋势,采用了灰色预测方法对2004～2010年城市体系规模维数和首位城市规模进行了预测,分析了"十一五"期间中部六省城市体系规模序列演化趋势,进而提出城市体系规模结构的优化设想.     

耕层土壤含水量消长规律分析

利用濉溪县耕层土壤含水量和同期观测的降水量、蒸发量资料分析表明:耕层土壤含水量的消长与基期土壤含水量、期间降水量和蒸发量呈多元直线相关关系,其中耕层土壤含水量增加量主要取决于基期土壤含水量的高低和降水量的多少;土壤含水量减少量主要取决于蒸发量的多少和基期土壤含水量的高低。耕层土壤相对含水量在50%～65%之间,需降水或补充灌溉15.9～82.3mm的水量。降水效力与基期土壤含水量和降水量呈多元指数曲线关系,蒸发效力与基期土壤含水量呈指数曲线关系。耕层土壤含水量的消退呈“快—缓慢—滞缓”的变化过程。使耕层相对含水量达到80%以上的一次降水(过程)过后,连续9.2～39.6d无降水耕层相对含水量尚可维持在60%以上。     

基于AUTO CAD的GIS数据采集方法

针对GIS数据采集中属性信息采用手工调查和数据处理工作复杂等导致效率低下的问题,提出了基于AUTO CAD数字化采集GIS数据的方法。研究了将实体的属性信息编码进行数字化调查的方法,解决了GIS数据在AUTO CAD图形数据库中存储的问题,以及将AUTO CAD下的GIS数据转入GIS的问题,将大大提高了GIS数据采集的工作效率。     

Indoor experiment and numerical simulation study of ammonia-nitrogen migration rules in soil column

The riverbank soil is a natural purifying agent for the polluted river water(Riverbank filtration, RBF). This is of great importance to groundwater safety along the riverbank. This paper examines the migration and transformation rules of ammonia-nitrogen in three typical types of sand soil using the indoor leaching experiment of soil column, and then makes comparison with the indoor experiment results in combination with the numerical simulation method. The experiment process shows that the change in ammonia-nitrogen concentration goes through three stages including "removal-water saturation-saturation". As the contents of clay particles in soil sample increase, the removal of ammonia-nitrogen from soil sample will take more time and gain higher ratio. During the removal period, the removal ratio of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 averages 68.8%(1-12 d), 74.6%(1-22 d) and 91.1%(1-26 d). The ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio shows no noticeable change as the depth of soil columns varies. But it is found that the ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio is the least of the whole experiment when the soil columns are at the depth of 15 cm. It can be preliminary inferred that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water mainly depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil. HYDRUS-1D model is used to simulate this experiment process, analyze the change of the bottom observation holes by time and depth in three columns(the tenth day), and make comparison with the experiment result. The coefficients of determination for fitting curves of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 are 0.953, 0.909, 0.882 and 0.955, 0.740, 0.980 separately. Besides, this paper examines the contribution of absorption, mineralization and nitrification in the simulation process. In the early removal stage, mineralization plays a dominant role and the maximum contribution rate of mineralization is 99%. As time goes by, absorption starts to function and gradually assumes a dominant position. In the middle and late removal stage, nitrification in Column 1 and Column 2 makes more contribution than mineralization. So the experiment result of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration is 0.6% and 2.4% lower than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -4.53% and -5.10% respectively when only the function of absorption is considered. The mineralization in Column 1 and Column 2 in the middle and late removal stage still plays a more important role than nitrification. So the experiment result is 1.4% higher than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -2.51% when only the function of absorption is considered. Therefore, absorption, mineralization and nitrification make different contributions during different part of the stage. This means that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water not only depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil, but depends on the mineralization and nitrification environment. This can offer some insights into the protection and recovery of groundwater along the riverbank.     

昭通太阳背斜山地浅层页岩气"三维封存体系"富集成藏模式

本文系统分析了太阳地区构造断裂系统、顶底板条件、沉积岩相、优质页岩展布、源储条件及富集高产规律,提出了"多场协同多元耦合"共同作用下太阳背斜区山地浅层页岩气"三维封存体系"富集成藏赋存模式,具有5个特征:①页岩储层上覆龙马溪组一段二亚段—石牛栏组厚层致密页岩和泥灰岩,下伏临湘组—宝塔组厚层致密瘤状灰岩,具有良好的封隔层条件,形成了封存体系的顶板和底板;②压扭应力背景下形成的断裂系统属于挤压性逆冲断层、压扭性走滑断层,断层的纵向封闭性好,有效地保护了优质页岩气藏;③断层两盘页岩气层对接岩性均为致密泥灰岩和灰岩,侧向封堵性防止了页岩气泄漏点出现,使得山地浅层页岩气仍具有连续型气藏特征;④前陆盆地"水体滞留+火山灰沉降"造就了"海洋漂浮生物繁盛+缺氧强还原"深水陆棚沉积环境,形成了"富碳、高硅、低黏、高脆"的优质烃源岩储集体,构建了"规模生烃、高效吸附富集"的页岩微纳米级储集孔隙空间;⑤页岩储层具有相对小的地应力和两向水平应力差,既利于在中低泵压下的储层压裂施工作业,又具备体积压裂打碎页岩形成复杂缝网和气井获得高产的关键要素.提出了复杂构造区山地浅层页岩气"多元富集高产"的规律性认识,即:前陆盆地深水缺氧强还原环境促使了"富碳、高硅、低黏"页岩储层发育(沉积成岩控制源储特征)、持续良好的三维封闭保存体系有效保护了富有机质页岩生烃留烃富烃和超压保孔(保存条件控制天然气藏)、页岩脆性与地应力以及水平应力差决定了体积压裂改造的难易程度并影响了人造页岩气藏的构建效果(应力可压性控制人造气藏)、Ⅰ类优质页岩气储层连续厚度和地层压力系数决定了页岩气禀赋的资源储量丰度与气井高产(烃储禀赋控制单井产量).研究成果对中国南方复杂构造区海相浅层页岩气的高效勘探开发具有重要的借鉴引领和指导意义.     

高地应力卸荷条件下错动带塑性变形规律与硬化特征

为阐明高地应力地下工程开挖卸荷条件下错动带变形破坏的塑性规律与硬化特征,通过一系列不同围压、不同加卸荷应力路径下的三轴试验,着重研究了不同加卸荷应力路径下的错动带塑性变形规律;基于试验结果,在应力空间进一步探究了等效塑性功、等效塑性应变、塑性体应变等内变量作为硬化参数的应力路径相关性,并提出应力路径无关的硬化参量修正公式。研究结果表明:(1)高地应力下错动带的变形力学特性存在着明显的应力路径效应,在相同卸荷应力路径下,高围压会抑制错动带试样环向塑性变形的发展;在相同初始围压下,卸轴压卸围压应力路径下错动带试样的塑性体积残余应变(6%)明显大于其余卸荷应力路径(2%~4%);不同应力路径对错动带塑性体积变形的促进作用为卸轴压卸围压应力路径>恒轴压卸围压应力路径>增轴压卸围压应力路径;(2)错动带在不同卸荷路径变形破坏过程中,其塑性体应变、等效塑性应变、等效塑性功等内变量均存在一定的应力路径相关性,因而在错动带的弹塑性分析中,直接将以上任何一个状态参量作为其硬化参数并假定其与应力路径无关是不准确的。为此,提出等效塑性功修正方法,发现当修正等效塑性功公式中反映错动带材料特性的参数n_s=-0.4时,修正等效塑性功具有明显的应力路径无关性,更适宜作为高地应力卸荷条件下错动带的硬化参数来描述其卸荷塑性应变硬化特征。揭示的错动带塑性力学特性可进一步深化高地应力卸荷条件下错动带的变形破坏认识,为实际工程中错动带的破坏机制分析和支护控制提供理论依据。     

盾构隧道环向开挖面破坏机制及剪胀效应研究

采用刚性滑块构建两种圆形隧道失稳环向开挖面破坏模式,利用编制的非线性规划程序求解隧道失稳环向开挖面支护力系数σ_T /c（σ_T为均布支护荷载,c为有效黏聚力）最优上限解及地层破坏模式,揭示地层参数对隧道稳定性的影响,提出简单实用的极限支护力简化公式。研究结果表明：不排水条件下,当隧道埋深比H/D（H为埋深,D为隧道直径）和重度系数γD/c（γ 为重度）较小时,破坏区域主要集中在隧道中上部,随着H/D和γD/c增大,滑移线起始位置沿着隧道轮廓逐渐向隧道底部扩展,破坏区域向水平方向扩展。排水条件下,地层破坏模式主要有3种。当内摩擦角ϕ 和γD/c较大时,随着剪胀系数的减小,极限支护力和地层破坏范围变化较大,甚至可能引起破坏模式的改变。针对不同深度提出的极限支护力简化公式可快速获得隧道环向开挖面极限支护力。     

Improved rotational hardening rule for cohesive soils and definition of inherent anisotropy

Improved, microfabric‐inspired rotational hardening rules for the plastic potential and bounding surfaces associated with the generalized bounding surface model for cohesive soils are presented. These hardening rules include 2 new functions, f_η and , that improve the simulation of anisotropically consolidated cohesive soils. Three model parameters are associated with the improved hardening rules. A detailed procedure for obtaining suitable values for these parameters is presented. The first 2 parameters affect the simulation of constant stress ratio loading where, because of the presence of f_η, the third parameter is inactive. The second new function, , accelerates the rotation of the plastic potential and bounding surfaces during shearing, which is particularly important for overconsolidated soils tested in extension. This paper also describes the proper manner in which to define the inherent anisotropy. This seemingly straightforward test has rarely been discussed in sufficient detail.     

TerraSAR-X卫星影像中大比例尺测图应用研究

为了研究TerraSAR-X卫星的中大比例尺测图可行性,文章利用成都都江堰市3m、1m分辨率的TerraSAR-X影像、控制点及可见光卫星影像,对TerraSAR-X影像在多云多雨地区的中、大比例尺测图展开了研究和分析。实验表明利用TerraSAR-X影像能够符合中大比例尺基础地图测图或修测的精度要求,可用于困难地区1∶50 000~1∶10 000比例尺的基础测图生产和更新。