竖向高荷载作用下大直径超长钻孔灌注桩承载性能试验

通过机场—西华高速大直径超长钻孔灌注桩大吨位竖向单桩静载试验,分析了该地区大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状以及荷载传递机理。试验结果表明:试桩的Q-S曲线呈缓变型,桩端承载力占总荷载的比例均<10%,即均表现为摩擦桩特性;试桩的侧摩阻力自上而下逐步发挥,侧摩阻力和桩端阻力异步发挥且互相耦合;大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥与土层性质、土层埋深及桩顶荷载水平有关;在高荷载作用下桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有不同程度的强化现象,甚至即使在最大加载情况下,桩身下部土层的侧摩阻力也并未完全发挥,因此在根据规范计算超长桩承载力时,不同深度土层的侧摩阻力应乘以相应不同的修正系数。     

关中盆地浅层地热能赋存规律及资源量估算

通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,分析了关中盆地浅层地热能的开发利用情况、赋存特征和形成模式,并对资源量进行了估算,总结了盆地不同地貌单元、不同岩性的岩土体热物性参数特征,计算了区域恒温带深度和浅层大地热流值。关中盆地地热能的形成模式主要为热传导型和热对流型: 热传导型地热资源主要分布于西安凹陷、固市凹陷等完整地质块体内; 热对流型地热资源主要分布于深大断裂直接沟通地表的区域以及断裂带周边区域。采用层次分析法对关中盆地浅层地热能进行适宜性分区,认为关中盆地整体属于地埋管地源热泵系统适宜区或较适宜区,地下水地源热泵系统适宜区和较适宜区主要分布在盆地中部漫滩区和阶地区。利用热储法,计算关中盆地浅层地热能热容量为1.38×10¹⁶ kJ/℃,浅层地热能储量巨大,开发利用前景优良。     

Elastoplastic deformation around underground openings under biaxial initial stress field

Estimation of elastoplastic deformation around an underground opening induced by the excavation of it, especially displacement and strain field in plastic region, is presented in this paper, as well as the formulation for calculating the displacement and strain in the plastic region around the underground opening by the coupled Boundary Element Method - Characteristics Method (BEM-CM). In this method, the non-associated flow rule is adopted to calculate the displacement and strain field in the plastic region, which is determined by the integration of the displacement along characteristics lines under the boundary condition of the elastic displacement on an elastoplastic interface analysed. It is shown that this method is one of the accurate and effective methods for estimating not only the shape and extent of the plastic region but also the state of the displacement and strain in the plastic region around the underground opening, comparing the theoretical solution with numerical results by this method for a circular opening under hydrostatic initial stress condition. Furthermore, this method is applied to rectangular and horse-shoe shaped openings and the characteristics of the strain field in the plastic region are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古察哈尔右翼中旗大清河金矿地质特征及成因探讨

内蒙古察哈尔右翼中旗大清河金矿床类型属于变质-热液型中低温矿床,产出于太古代乌拉山群,矿石类型主要为含金硫化物石英脉和蚀变岩型金矿石。本次工作总结了矿体地质特征及分布规律;结合相关元素测试分析及相邻典型矿床地质特征,综合研究认为区内金元素的物源区主要为太古代乌拉山群,其次为岩浆岩;矿床整体形成于古生代末期至二叠纪中晚期,早期成岩成矿作用形成原始矿床或初始矿源层,晚期受二叠纪中晚期多期次热液流体影响,萃取、活化、迁移金元素形成含金热液流体,并在有利成矿部位充填沉淀,成矿严格受二叠纪花岗闪长岩中NE向及NEE向压扭性构造裂隙控制,矿体具有隐伏再现和雁列式侧伏展布特征。     

贵州荔波地区2000年来石笋高分辨率的气候记录

通过对荔波董哥洞石笋进行高精度的ICP MS或TIMS U系测年和碳、氧同位素分析,建立了荔波地区2 300a B.P.来高分辨率的古气候变化的时间序列。研究结果表明,贵州荔波地区2 300a B.P.以来石笋记录的季风气候变化,大致可分为8个气候(亚)期:① 2 300～1 800a B.P.为降温期,显示东亚夏季风减弱,东亚冬季风增强,气候干旱寒冷;② 1 800～1 080a B.P.气温有所回升,显示东亚冬季风缓慢减弱,东亚夏季风有所回升,表现为半湿润的温凉气候期;③ 1 080～680a B.P. 为降温期,气温再次下降,显示东亚冬季风再次增强,但降水相对增大,表现为寒冷湿润的气候期,是气候变化的关键转折时期;④ 680～550a B.P.温暖期,显示东亚夏季风再次增强,气温升高,降水增大,表现为温暖湿润的气候期。⑤ 550～400a B.P.寒冷期,显示东亚冬季风快速增强,气温下降,表现为寒冷湿润的气候环境,是近1 000年以来最冷的时期;⑥ 400～364a B.P.温凉期,显示东亚夏季风有所增强,气温有所回升,表现为温凉湿润气候环境;⑦ 364～324a B.P.冷凉期,显示东亚夏季风有所减弱,气温有所下降,表现为冷凉湿润气候环境;⑧ 324a B.P.至今,气候相对波动期,同位素记录曲线呈锯齿状波动,在其内包括若干个冷凉半湿润、冷湿的气候变化亚阶段。根据荔波董哥洞石笋的高分辨率的古气候变化的连续记录,揭示了荔波地区2 300a B.P.以来的一些百年尺度的重大气候事件——干旱寒冷期、隋唐温暖期(或小温暖期)、小寒冷期以及一些十年尺度的降水、温度变化。石笋记录的这种百年、十年尺度的突发性气候变化事件,与冰芯记录极为相似,反映低纬度地区石笋记录的季风气候与高纬度及北极地区的气候具有极好的相关性,这对于认识现代气候系统变化以及对未来十年—百年尺度的气候预测和演化的驱动机制,具有重要的科学意义。     

Socio-hydrological framework for investigating farmers’ activities affecting the shrinkage of Urmia Lake; hybrid data mining and agent-based modelling

ABSTRACT

Developing a general framework to capture the complexities associated with the non-linear and adaptive nature of farmers facing water resources scarcity is a challenging problem. This paper integrates agent-based modelling (ABM) and a data mining method to develop a hybrid socio-hydrological framework to provide future insights for policy-makers. The data associated with the farmers’ main characteristics were collected through field surveys and interviews. Afterwards, the association rule was employed to discover the main patterns representing the farmers’ agricultural decisions. The discovered patterns were then used as the behavioural rules in ABM to simulate the agricultural activities. The proposed framework has been was applied to explore the interactions between agricultural activities and the main river feeding the Urmia-Lake, Iran. The outcomes indicate that farmers’ acquisitive traits and belongings have significant impacts on their socio-hydrological interactions. The reported values of the efficiency criteria may support the satisfactory performance of the proposed framework.     

主动与被动状态下墙体侧向位移近似计算

极限状态下墙体侧向位移对土压力计算和支挡结构设计影响显著。根据Rankine变形体和Coulomb刚塑体模型,将墙后土体变形分别当作单剪和直剪试验中试样的剪切过程,以达到极限剪切变形（剪应变或单位长度剪切位移）作为进入主被动状态标准,构建了土体变形与墙体位移的几何关系,提出了反映土体变形与强度特性,同时考虑静止时初始应力状态影响的墙体极限侧向位移近似计算模型。分析表明：土体极限剪切变形、滑移区范围、初始应力状态是影响墙体极限位移的核心要素,其中极限剪切变形占据主导作用,是导致不同颗粒组成及密实程度土体进入极限状态所需墙体位移差异显著的主要原因,而主被动区范围不同和因静止土压力系数 1引起的初始剪切变形,则是被动状态墙体位移远大于主动的关键因素;算例中主动与被动状态下墙体位移与墙高之比分别介于0.5‰～13.2‰和?0.4%～?5.2%,且主动状态下细粒土墙体位移大于粗粒土,计算结果与工程经验及相关文献模型试验基本一致。     

多因素作用下石膏岩软化特性

为了研究隧道施工过程中石膏质围岩软化特性,以三叠系下统嘉陵江组地层中的石膏岩为研究对象,进行了多因素正交软化试验研究,分析了浸泡时间、溶液温度、 浓度对石膏岩软化后力学参数的影响规律。研究结果表明：石膏岩的软化系数和弹性模量随着浸泡时间的增加而减小,减小速率也随之降低;软化系数和弹性模量随溶液温度的升高而呈线性减小;在影响石膏岩软化后力学参数3个因素中浸泡时间的影响最大,权值高达80%,温度次之,权重为16%左右,而 浓度对石膏岩的软化影响非常微弱;建立了浸泡时间与溶液温度两个因素耦合作用下石膏岩软化后单轴抗压强度与弹性模量变化情况预测公式。在试验数据及结论的基础上从围岩坚硬程度划分、防排水措施及支护措施等方面提出了石膏围岩隧道的施工措施及建议。     

基于应变软化的岩土工程单元安全度评价方法研究

针对大多已有岩土工程局部安全评价方法未考虑拉伸破坏和屈服、破坏阶段的问题,对围岩的局部安全评价方法进行了相应的改进。基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则和应变软化模型建立了单元安全度的评价方法和新的定义,综合考虑剪切和拉伸破坏模式,定义一个统一的变量ZSD来表征和量化岩土体单元从弹性、屈服到破坏的安全程度,实现复杂应力状态下岩土体渐进破坏过程的局部安全性定量评价。推导了ZSD的各阶段表达公式,利用FISH语言在FLAC3D平台编写程序。通过相应的实例和工程进行了ZSD计算,验证了该方法的正确性与有效性。该方法具有参数表达简单,易于在程序中实现,可通过ZSD所在值域判断单元所处的状态,可直观揭示岩土体渐进破坏过程等诸多优点。该方法为分析和预测岩土工程中危险区域的演化和描述渐进破坏过程提供了有效的手段。      

Identification of important marine areas using ecologically or biologically significant areas (EBSAs) criteria in the East to Southeast Asia region and comparison with existing registered areas for the purpose of conservation

The biodiversity of East to Southeast (E–SE) Asian waters is rapidly declining because of anthropogenic effects ranging from local environmental pressures to global warming. To improve marine biodiversity, the Aichi Biodiversity Targets were adopted in 2010. The recommendation of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA), encourages application of the ecologically or biologically significant area (EBSA) process to identify areas for conservation. However, there are few examples of the use of EBSA criteria to evaluate entire oceans. In this article, seven criteria are numerically evaluated to identify important marine areas (EBSA candidates) in the E–SE Asia region. The discussion includes 1) the possibility of EBSA criteria quantification throughout the E–SE Asia oceans and the suitability of the indices selected; 2) optimal integration methods for criteria, and the relationships between the criteria and data robustness and completeness; and; 3) a comparison of the EBSA candidates identified and existing registered areas for the purpose of conservation, such as marine protected areas (MPAs). Most of the EBSA criteria could be quantitatively evaluated throughout the Asia-Pacific region. However, three criteria in particular showed a substantial lack of data. Our methodological comparison showed that complementarity analysis performed better than summation because it considered criteria that were evaluated only in limited areas. Most of the difference between present-day registered areas and our results for EBSAs resulted from a lack of data and differences in philosophy for the selection of indices.