城市开发区工业企业的碳排放效率比较 ——以南京江宁经济技术开发区为例

以南京市江宁经济技术开发区为例,基于199家企业样本,采用碳排放强度、单位碳排放的用水效率、单位碳排放的废弃物排放强度指数及单位产品的虚拟水含量和隐含碳排放等指标,对27种不同类型工业企业的碳排放效率进行了评价和分析。得出的主要结论为：1）不同类型工业企业的碳排放强度差异明显。南京市江宁区27类行业的平均碳排放强度为0.35 t/万元,其中电力、热力生产和供应业的碳排放强度最高,而仪器仪表制造业碳排放强度最低。2）尽管企业碳排放效率和水资源利用效率有一定的行业关联,但企业碳排放效率主要受经济效益、生产工艺、原料和能源类型等因素的影响。3）不同企业单位产品的隐含碳排放和虚拟水含量具有较大的差异。其中,轿车、铁矿石、金属铸件和摩托车等产品的虚拟水和隐含碳排放明显高于其他行业产品。4）企业碳排放与相应的三废排放强度具有一定的关联性。其中,碳排放与废气排放强度的关联度最高。5）在对未来企业排放效率评估、碳核查及碳配额分配中,不仅要考虑企业碳排放的经济效益,也要考虑企业的资源消耗和废弃物排放效率,并建立基于碳排放综合绩效评估的企业碳配额分配方案,这对于落实碳减排、推动资源节约和生产方式转变以及加强环境治理的多重目标的实现具有重要意义。     

Assessment of efficiency and potentiality of agricultural resources in Central Asia

This paper quantitatively analyzes the utilization efficiency of agricultural resources in Central Asia by calculating the consumption coefficient of the main resources, including arable land, water and fertilizers. The results of these investigations reveal the following: (1) The average consumption coefficients of cultivated land resources in Central Asia are much higher than the world average value of up to 7.74 m²/kg, which is 3.6 times that of China, suggesting that the cultivated land resource consumption coefficient of cultivated land resource utilization efficiency is low in the Central Asian region. (2) Up to 80% of available water Central Asia is about 9.43 m³/kg, or nearly 9.3 times the average value elsewhere in Asia, indicating that agricultural water use efficiency in this region is very low and water resources are wasted. (3) The fertilizer consumption coefficient in Central Asia is 0.035 kg/kg, which is close to the world average, but the utilization efficiency of fertilizer is relatively high. Therefore, in the future development of agriculture, Central Asia should pay more attention to the management of agricultural water resources in order to improve the utilization efficiency of these resources as well as that of arable land.     

Exploring the potential of circular economy to mitigate pressures on biodiversity

The effects of circular economy on biodiversity are poorly understood. This study provides observations on approaches for assessing circular economy and illustrates, with a Finnish case study, the potential of circular economy to mitigate pressures on biodiversity. The case study focuses on the construction and real estate sectors, as well as the forest industry. The findings imply that circular economy actions that reduce the extraction of virgin raw materials and relieve land use pressures are effective. Improving material efficiency, increasing the cascading use of wood, and optimizing the use and reuse of materials and products, as well as extending the lifetime of buildings and optimizing space use, have good potential for mitigating pressures on biodiversity in Finland. However, as forest utilization has a major impact on Finnish biodiversity, certain actions that possibly increase the use of forest resources (e.g., replacing fossil-based, concrete, or steel materials with wood-based solutions) may impair biodiversity if biodiversity-enhancing forest management practices are not utilized. Assessing the biodiversity impacts of circular economy is challenging, and the need for further research and the development of indicators and assessment methods is clear.     

Analysis on Precipitation Efficiency of the “21.7” Henan Extremely Heavy Rainfall Event

A record-breaking heavy rainfall event that occurred in Zhengzhou, Henan province during 19–21 July 2021 is simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, and the large-scale precipitation efficiency(LSPE) and cloud-microphysical precipitation efficiency(CMPE) of the rainfall are analyzed based on the model results. Then, the key physical factors that influenced LSPE and CMPE, and the possible mechanisms for the extreme rainfall over Zhengzhou are explored. Results show that water v...     

长江经济带城乡一体化对能源效率的空间效应分析

城乡一体化作为新的经济增长动能,是建设高效的能源经济体系、平衡经济社会发展与生态环境保护的关键性途径。因此城乡一体化对能源效率的效应分析成为促进经济社会可持续发展的重要课题。本文以长江经济带各省市为研究对象,采用DEA测度了考虑非期望产出的能源效率值,并分析其时空上的分异特征,通过构建经济、社会和基础设施3个维度的综合指标体系评价城乡一体化水平,以此为基础运用Moran's I指数确定了能源效率、城乡一体化水平及其他影响因素的空间相关性,最后运用混合地理加权回归估计城乡一体化及3个控制变量的回归参数值并作空间效应分析。得出结论:① 从空间相关性分析来看,长江经济带的城乡一体化发展水平对能源效率具有正向作用,同时经济发展水平和产业结构也对能源效率有正向影响,而技术进步则在一定条件下与能源效率呈负相关关系;② 从回归系数的估计值来看,城乡一体化对能源效率的影响程度要小于技术进步和产业结构,而经济发展水平对能源效率的影响程度最小;③ 城乡一体化水平对能源效率的正向影响程度随着能源效率的上升呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,并且其影响在空间分布上自东向西呈现出递增的特征;④ 长江经济带的能源效率呈现显著的空间相关性和空间异质性。基于此,对长江经济带推进城乡一体化进程中的能源效率提升具有重要意义。     

相关观测值双因子抗差估计的改进算法

由于一个观测值的粗差将影响多个观测值的残差估值,对双因子抗差估计的迭代计算方法作如下改进：当最大标准化残差的检验结果为粗差或者明显是可疑粗差时,只对粗差观测值构建双因子等价权,其他观测值的权不变。除上述两种情况外,可同时对所有观测值构建双因子等价权进行抗差估计,并基于改进的双因子等价权构建方法简化计算步骤。利用GPS控制网的观测数据进行模拟计算分析表明,该改进算法在含有明显粗差时可提高参数估值的精度;在粗差不明显或个数较少时,可在保持参数估计精度的基础上提高计算效率。     

基于地理探测器的中国中部城市土地绿色利用效率时空演变及影响因素研究

中部崛起战略后,中国中部六省（湖北省、湖南省、安徽省、山西省、江西省和河南省）经济快速发展,建成区面积不断扩张,不仅威胁粮食安全,更加剧资源环境约束。在此背景下,本文采用2007—2018年中部六省80个地级市面板数据,并运用Malmquist-Luerberger指数、重心模型、空间计量模型和地理探测器模型分析中部六省80个地级市土地绿色利用效率时演变、重心移动轨迹变化及其影响因素情况。结果表明：① 2007—2018年中部六省土地绿色利用效率增长是靠技术进步“单轨驱动”的。② 城市土地绿色利用效率值表现出明显的空间分异特征,且重心总体向东北方向移动。③ 中部六省各地级市之间土地绿色利用效率存在空间依赖性和空间溢出效应。④ 除城市建设用地面积外,城镇化率、产业结构高级化水平、经济发展水平、外商直接投资额均正向影响中部六省80个地级市土地绿色利用效率。其中,各个影响因素对土地绿色利用效率的影响从强到弱依次为产业结构高级化水平、外商直接投资额、建设用地面积、城镇化率、经济发展水平。     

PDC钻头在中硬岩钻进中的应用

PDC钻头是在高温、高压下由人造金刚石与硬质合金一次合成的超硬材料制成的一种新型钻头,具有强度高,耐磨,抗冲击性强、出刃大等特点。以某勘探区为例,介绍该钻头的应用情况,并与普通硬质合金钻头进行了时效和成本的对比,从对比结果来看,使用PDC钻头钻进效率比合金钻头钻进效率提高57%-69%,钻头成本比合金钻头降低61%-67%,同时还对PDC钻头如何钻进破碎带进行了探讨,并对该钻头在使用中的注意事项进行了说明。     

空间知识地图信息传输模型的研究

空间知识地图是提取和传输空间知识的工具,已得到了广泛的应用。从地图信息传输论的角度出发,本文提出了空间知识地图的传输模型和传输效率的改进方向,对提升空间知识地图的应用效率有一定的指导意义。     

AutoCAD大比例尺地形图制图工具包的开发与应用

在分析总结Auto CAD大比例尺地形图制图作业面临的现实问题的基础上,开发了Auto CAD大比例尺地形图制图工具包,使用Access数据库存储制图操作流程及相关参数,通过编程使制图工具能够依数据库自动生成,降低了制图工具定制的门槛,大幅减少了制图作业中的重复劳动。