北方一次暖区大暴雨强降水成因探讨

2012年7月7日黄淮出现一次典型暖区大暴雨过程,降水持续时间长、强度大和强降水范围集中,中尺度特征明显。本文通过常规和非常规观测、NCEP分析资料对该次黄淮暖切变线引发的豫东北、鲁南和苏北等地大暴雨天气过程的成因进行探讨,结果表明:整层高湿环境有利于降低暖区暴雨对抬升条件的要求、提高降水效率和局地不断产生中尺度对流系统;低层垂直风切变和超低空急流在对流触发和维持中可能有重要作用;次天气及以下尺度的抬升条件,如地面辐合线、925和850 hPa切变和低空急流出口区的风速辐合等均可导致强降水,降水落区一般位于低层多层风速辐合的叠置区;暖区暴雨的雷达回波具有明显的后向传播、列车效应和热带降水型特点。     

Particle size dependent response of aerosol counters

During an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (IAMAS-IUGG), 10 instruments for aerosol number concentration measurement were studied, covering a wide range of methods based on various different measuring principles. In order to investigate the detection limits of the instruments considered with respect to particle size, simultaneous number concentration measurements were performed for monodispersed aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 1.5 to 50 nm diameter and various compositions.The instruments considered show quite different response characteristics, apparently related to the different vapors used in the various counters to enlarge the particles to an optically detectable size. A strong dependence of the 50% cutoff diameter on the particle composition in correlation with the type of vapor used in the specific instrument was found. An enhanced detection efficiency for ultrafine hygroscopic sodium chloride aerosols was observed with water operated systems, an analogous trend was found for n-butanol operated systems with nonhygroscopic silver and tungsten oxide particles.     

农桐间作地热量平衡和水分利用状况研究

由实测资料系统分析了农桐间作地热量平衡各分量复杂的时空变化特征。结果表明：间作内外蒸发耗热（ＬＥ）仍是主要耗热项，湍流耗热（Ｈ）低于ＬＥ，但高于土壤热通量（Ｑ）；间作地各分量小于对照，但ＬＥ、Ｑ占净辐射（Ｒｎ）比值高于对照；泡桐林带对各分量的影响与间作结构及测点位置有关。然后计算了间作中小麦、棉花水分利用率（ＷＵＥ），其值与作物类型，生长期等因子有关，且间作地高于对照。     

半拉格朗日、半隐式欧拉方程组大气数值模式研究

介绍了一个具有较高时间积分效率的三维弹性大气数值模式。其中,控制方程为能够描述大气非静力及可压缩性的欧拉方程组,时间积分采用了高效率的“半拉格朗日、半隐式”方案。通过引用一个简化的“云物理过程”参数化方案,针对大气中深厚湿对流过程的若干问题进行了数值试验,结果表明,模式能够对该过程中的一些基本和复杂现象进行有效地模拟。试验结果还表明,动力学框架具有很好的稳定性,能够实现高效率的时间积分,它还具有较好的频散特性,保证了空间计算的精度,从而完好地描述了风暴的形态。     

三维地闪监测数据分析与校验

选取福建省2015年三维系统地闪资料,采用同期雷电定位系统(ADTD)资料对其时空分布特征进行分析,利用雷电流峰值记录仪数据对2套系统地闪探测效率和定位误差校验,同时结合IEEE工作组和电力行业推荐的概率公式对三维系统地闪雷电流分布特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)2套系统监测到全省地闪密度空间分布趋势比较一致,在三明西南部地区及福州西部零星地区,三维系统地闪密度更低。(2)2套系统地闪频次年变化和日变化均呈单峰变化特征,但年变化中的10—12月,以及日变化中的09:00—12:00,三维系统监测到地闪频次更少。(3)三维系统地闪回击探测效率为40%,平均定位误差为2.75km。(4)在0~50kA区间,相比于负极性地闪,三维系统正极性地闪雷电流幅值分布更加集中,在26~84kA区间三维地闪雷电流幅值相比于IEEE推荐值和规程推荐值偏大。     

环境WiFi能量采集系统的匹配网络与整流电路设计

设计了一款针对WiFi信号的环境能量采集系统,工作频率范围从2.4 GHz到2.485 GHz.该系统采用了4倍压整流电路,并设计了从天线到整流电路的宽带匹配电路,提升了能量采集的效率.设计的宽带匹配电路在WiFi工作频率范围内,S₁₁均小于-10 dB.整流电路可将采集信号增加4倍,能有效提高RF-DC转换效率.测试结果表明,所设计的电路达到了设计要求,在-10 dBm的输入功率下,达到了40%的RF-DC转换效率,并使超级电容在30 min内采集到了257 mV的电压.     

基于闪电定位数据的地闪密度修订

利用湖北省闪电定位系统(Lightning Location System,LLS)资料,用网格地闪密度数据表征地闪的空间分布,测站距离因子表征探测站布局,对2015年地闪空间分布特征进行分析,结果表明,其密度与因子之间存在负相关,其中雷电流幅值5~30kA的密度分量与因子之间存在显著性相关,大于30kA的密度分量与因子相关不显著。同时发现探测站布局对地闪空间分布的疏密程度有一定的影响,因此有必要对密度进行修订,以消除测站布局的影响。运用线性回归方法及其残差理论,建立了网格地闪密度的修订模型和相对探测效率的统计模型。验证了密度分段修订和不分段修订结果的一致性。通过对理论探测效率和相对探测效率的对比分析,论证了地闪密度修订方法和相对探测效率统计方法的可行性。     

The impact of the Tokyo Metropolitan Emissions Trading Scheme on reducing greenhouse gas emissions: findings from a facility-based study

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the Tokyo Metropolitan Emissions Trading Scheme (Tokyo ETS), Japan’s first emissions trading scheme with mandatory cap initiated by the government of Tokyo. Unlike trading schemes in other countries, the Tokyo ETS covers indirect emissions from the commercial sector. It is well known that a variety of market barriers impede full realization of energy efficiency opportunities, especially in the commercial sector. Experiences with the Tokyo ETS should therefore provide important lessons for the design of climate change mitigation policies, especially when targeting the commercial sector. The emissions from covered entities have been drastically reduced from those at the scheme’s outset, with an average 14% reduction as of the end of the first commitment period of five years (2010–2014) compared with 2009 levels. This paper shows that the Tokyo ETS alone did not cause these reductions; there were other drivers. Among them, the energy savings triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 were crucial. The contribution of credit trading, in contrast, was limited since most of the covered entities reduced emissions by themselves. Through an investigation of official reports, an assessment of the emissions data from the covered entities compared to those of uncovered entities and in-depth interviews with firms covered by the scheme, this paper confirms that the main drivers of emissions reductions by covered entities were separate from the ETS. In fact, the advisory aspect of the scheme seems to be much more important in encouraging energy-saving actions.

Key policy insights

• Most of the observed emission reductions were not caused by the Tokyo ETS alone.

• An advisory instrument was crucial to the effectiveness of the Tokyo ETS.

• The experience of the Tokyo ETS suggests that making full use of the advantages of emissions trading is difficult in the case of the commercial sector.

• Price signals have not provided a stimulus to climate change mitigation actions, which implies that establishing a cap to yield effective carbon prices poses a challenge.

     

汛期HLAFS产品在低纬高原地区预报能力客观检验

为充分使用我国暴雨模式（ＨＬＡＦＳ）数值预报产品，该文对１９９６年汛期ＨＬＡＦＳ在低纬高原地区预报能力进行客观检验和效果分析。其结果表明，ＨＬＡＦＳ对高度、气温等形势场有较好预报能力；物理量预报中的动力要素场（垂直运动）和水汽要素场（水汽通量散度）能较好反映云南强降水过程，有较好参考价值，热力要素场（θｓｅ３００－θｓｅ７００）预报效果较差，在实际应用中应注意订正。     

Trans-Arctic shipping routes expanding faster than the model projections

Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice coverage over the past four decades have increased the commercial feasibility of trans-Arctic routes. However, the historical changes in navigability of trans-Arctic routes remain unclear, and projections by global circulation models (GCMs) contain large uncertainties since they cannot simulate long-term Arctic sea ice changes. In this study, we determined the changes in trans-Arctic routes from 1979 to 2019 by combining two harmonized high-quality daily sea ice products. We found that the trans-Arctic routes are becoming navigable much faster than projected by the GCMs. The navigation season for open water (OW) vessels along the Northeast Passage (NEP) has lengthened from occasionally navigable in the 1980 s to 92 ± 15 days in the 2010 s. In contrast, previous GCM projections have suggested that navigability would not be achieved until the mid-21st century. The 90-day safety shipping area for OW vessels expanded by 35% during 1979–2018, reaching 8.28 million km² in 2018, indicating an increasing rate of 0.08 ± 0.01 million km² per year. The shortest trans-Arctic routes were also shifted further north than the model projections. Regular ships have been able to safely travel north along the islands in the NEP and transit through the M’Clure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the 2010 s, while previous studies have projected that this would not be feasible until the mid-21st century. We also found that the improved navigability of trans-Arctic routes enables commercial ships to transport approximately 33–66% (at the same load factor) more goods from East Asia to Europe during the Arctic shipping season than by the traditional Suez Canal route. These findings highlight the need for aggressive actions to develop mandatory rules that promote navigation safety and strengthen environmental protection in the Arctic.