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161.
Low-Frequency Variations, Chandler and Annual Wobbles of Polar Motion as Observed Over One Century 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joachim Höpfner 《Surveys in Geophysics》2004,25(1):1-54
Polar motion data are available from the mid-19th century to the present. Basedon time series with a variety of sampling intervals (monthly, 0.05-year, 5-day anddaily), we have separated the low-frequency terms by low-pass filtering and theChandler and annual terms by recursive band-pass filtering of the pole coordinates.Using a simple unweighted least-squares fit to the filtered low-frequency terms, thelinear trends of the rotation pole were estimated. Assessing the estimates based onintercomparisons, the most reliable trend estimate was found. Using a Fast FourierTransform, we have computed the prograde, retrograde and total amplitude spectraof the low-frequency part of polar motion in order to reveal the long-periodic signals.The characteristics and time evolution of the Chandler and annual wobbles aredescribed by changes in their parameters (radii, directions and period lengths) overone century. 相似文献
162.
163.
Microphysical theory has proven essential for explaining sea spray's role in transferring heat and moisture across the air–sea interface. But large-scale models of air–sea interaction, among other applications, cannot afford full microphysical modules for computing spray droplet evolution and, thus, how rapidly these droplets exchange heat and moisture with their environment. Fortunately, because the temperature and radius of saline droplets evolve almost exponentially when properly scaled, it is possible to approximate a droplet's evolution with just four microphysical endpoints: its equilibrium temperature, Teq; the e-folding time to reach that temperature, τT; its equilibrium radius, req; and the e-folding time to reach that radius, τr.Starting with microphysical theory, this paper derives quick approximation formulas for these microphysical quantities. These approximations are capable of treating saline droplets with initial radii between 0.5 and 500 μm that evolve under the following ambient conditions: initial droplet temperatures and air temperatures between 0 and 40 °C, ambient relative humidities between 75% and 99.5%, and initial droplet salinities between 1 and 40 psu.Estimating Teq, τT, and τr requires only one-step calculations; finding req is done recursively using Newton's method. The approximations for Teq and τT are quite good when compared to similar quantities derived from a full microphysical model; Teq is accurate to within 0.02 °C, and τT is typically accurate to within 5%. The estimate for equilibrium radius req is also usually within 5% of the radius simulated with the full microphysical model. Finally, the estimate of radius e-folding time τr is accurate to within about 10% for typical oceanic conditions. 相似文献
164.
165.
利用含有摩擦的平面极坐标水平运动方程组, 引入藤田气压模式, 在热带气旋域内最大风速为已知的条件下, 经过合理的简化和推导, 得到了呈稳定状态的海面移动非对称热带气旋的最大风速半径的计算方案。分析结果表明, 当最大风速越小、中心气压越低、环境温度和气压越高、纬度越低或摩擦系数越小时, 热带气旋的最大风速半径就越大;反之, 最大风速半径就越小。最大风速和它半径上的最小风向内偏角出现在热带气旋移向的右后侧。对9109号和9115号热带气旋的计算表明, 最大风速半径在发展初期增加, 在发展后期减小, 而在衰减期迅速增加。 相似文献
166.
The devastating earthquake (mb = 6.6) at Chamoli, Garhwal Himalaya, which occurred in the morning hours on 29th March 1999,
was recorded on Delhi Strong Motion Accelerograph (DSMA) Network operated by the Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.
In this paper the source parameters of this event calculated from the Strong Motion Data are presented. The seismic moment
for this event has been found to be of the order of 1025 dyne.cm and the moment magnitude has been calculated in the range of 6.53–6.69 at different stations. The stress drop and
source radius for the earthquake are also calculated. 相似文献
167.
FLUVIAL PROCESSES IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER AFTER LEVEE BREACHING AT TONGWAXIANG IN 1855 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
I. CHAncEL CHANGal m THE FLOODED AREA ArVER BREACHING AT TONGWAXIANG AND THEIR IMPACTSIn mid--June of 1855 a great flood occurred in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The findmainly came down from the main stem of the river and itS tributary Qinhe River. In the meantimethe riparian area of the Yellow River had just been subjected to a heavy rain, and large amountS of water from mountains and hills were flowing into the river and lakes were also full. The Weis… 相似文献
168.
用稳定流承压含水层公式对半承压含水层求参数时,计算出的导水系数“T”比非稳定流计算出的要大,影响半径R与经验系数相比普通偏小.用水位恢复法计算也同样.原因在于半承压含水层中地下水受潜水垂向越流补给及水平径向补给,因而用稳定流承压含水层法计算时,或者修改公式,或者用非稳定流计算. 相似文献
169.
The special feature of bend flow leads to scouring of the bed and bank. Various parameters like flow depth, flow velocity or discharge, geometry of bend and characteristics of bed material may affect the scour process. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of some important parameters on bend scour under clear water condition. Experiments were conducted in a 0.6m wide and 0.7m high flume with 90 degree bend. The lateral variations of bed slope were studied. The maximum depth of scour was correlated to densimetric Froude number, relative bend radius and relative depth of flow. 相似文献
170.
Cloud microphysical properties including liquid and ice particle number concentration (NC), liquid water content (LWC), ice water content (IWC) and effective radius (RE) were retrieved from CloudSat data for a weakly convective and a widespread stratus cloud. Within the mixed-phase cloud layers, liquid-phase fractions needed to be assumed in the data retrieval process, and one existing linear (p1) and two exponential (p2 and p3) functions, which estimate the liquid-phase fraction as a function of subfreezing temperature (from -20°C to 0°C), were tested. The retrieved NC, LWC, IWC and RE using p1 were on average larger than airplane measurements in the same cloud layer. Function p2 performed better than p1 or p3 in retrieving the NCs of cloud droplets in the convective cloud, while function p1 performed better in the stratus cloud. Function p3 performed better in LWC estimation in both convective and stratus clouds. The REs of cloud droplets calculated using the retrieved cloud droplet NC and LWC were closer to the values of in situ observations than those retrieved directly using the p1 function. The retrieved NCs of ice particles in both convective and stratus clouds, on the assumption of liquid-phase fraction during the retrieval of liquid droplet NCs, were closer to those of airplane observations than on the assumption of function p1. 相似文献