阔步迈进21世纪的云南地理所

在全国科学大会的春风吹拂下，云南省地理研究所于1978年10月21日成立。经过了20多年的发展，尤其是“九五”期间的发展，成就喜人。云南地理所作为省科技厅直属单位中唯一保留的研究类型单位，是以探索人口、资源、环境与经济协调发展，以地理科学应用为主的公益性科研机构。“九五”期间，一共主持了78项课题，获得了1370万元的科研经费。获得云南省自然科学二等奖2项，云南省科技进步二等奖2项及一批各级科技奖。出版学术著作17部。发表论文283篇，其中有5篇被SCI收录。在职人员中，有5人获博士学位，2人在读博士生，出国进修、培训29人次。3人破格晋升研究员，2人破格晋副研究员，在现有的20名高级科研人员中，90％是45岁以下的科研骨干。有1人入选全国“百千万人才工程”，2人作为云南省中青年学术技术带头人。主办、承办了3次国际性学术研讨会，2次海峡两岸学术研讨会，2次全国性、3次全省性学术会议。有56人次到国外参加学术交流和合作。实行了全员定岗定责合同制，行政管理岗位减少了一半。获得昆明市文明单位称号。涌现出全国先进工作者、全国三八红旗手等一批先进个人。以坚实的步伐迈进新的世纪。     

奠基海洋化学研究,助推海洋科学发展——中国科学院海洋研究所海洋化学研究70年

本文系统总结了中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,海洋化学研究的发展历程和主要科学贡献,在此基础上,提出了海洋化学的发展愿景。建国初期的中科院海洋研究所是我国海洋化学研究的主要奠基者和引领者,70年来一直是我国化学海洋学、海洋生物资源化学利用以及海洋腐蚀与防护等领域的中坚力量,为中国海洋化学的发展做出了不可替代的重大贡献。1950—1990年,系统获得了渤黄东海重要化学要素的分布特征,发现了黄东海溶解氧存在最大值系冬季保持而来;构建了大型海藻经济组分提取的系统化方案,奠定了世界最大规模海藻化学工业的基础;系统开拓了我国海洋腐蚀与防护领域的研究。1990—2020年,中科院海洋研究所的海洋化学研究全面与国际接轨,系统研究了中国近海化学要素特别是微痕量无机/有机组分的分布迁移转化特征及机制,提出了海洋生物地球化学研究的系统思路;研制成功褐藻多糖硫酸酯治疗肾衰新海洋药物,发现大量具有生物活性的海洋活性物质,在应用海洋化学领域也有重要进展。     

[专稿]太湖梅梁湾2007年蓝藻水华形成及取水口污水团成因分析与应急措施建议

2007年4月25日起太湖梅梁湾暴发了大规模藻类水华暴发时间比过去提前近1个月.根据中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的监测,5月2日梅梁湾所有测点藻类叶绿素a含量全部超过40μg/L,其中三山-鼋头渚水域达179μg/L;5月27日的卫星影像图片显示,太湖北部的竺山湾和贡湖湾以及整个西部湖区均发生了大面积的蓝藻水华;随后5月28日晚,无锡贡湖湾口南泉水厂发生污水团进入水厂取水口恶化水源水质事件,给人民的日常生活带来了短暂的影响.     

定向钻井技术引领 聚焦深地深海探测——勘探技术所“十三五”科技创新回顾及“十四五”业务展望

全面总结了中国地质科学院勘探技术研究所“十三五”期间在定向钻井技术及仪器、深部钻探技术与装备、海洋钻探技术与装备等方面取得的重要成果,主要包括：创新突破定向水平井钻井及中靶技术,助力海域天然气水合物第二轮试采实现了从“探索性试采”向“试验性试采”的重大跨越;牵头实施完成“松科2井”重大科学钻探工程,实现了理论、技术、工程、装备的重大突破;成功研发了首套国产深海井口吸力锚,解决了深海浅软地层井口支撑力不足的难题。同时,分析了目前存在的问题,并结合当前所面临的挑战,对“十四五”期间的业务发展进行了展望。     

Spatial distribution and comparative evaluation of phosphorus release rate in benthic sediments of an estuary dam

A series of experiments and simulations were performed to ascertain the rate at which phosphorus is released using a water quality model in Saemangeum Lake, an artificially constructed lake located in an estuary. The general inflow of seawater once a day contributed to the formation of a halocline in the lake water, which caused variation in the vertical concentration of dissolved oxygen. The halocline was mainly observed in the deep downstream regions of Saemangeum Lake that are close to the op...     

NIM陆面过程模式的研究:模式建立与对比研究

为了真实模拟干旱、半干旱地区以及湿润地区的陆面与大气之间的能量和物质交换 ,发展了一个具有普适性的南京气象学院 ( NIM)陆面过程 ( LSP)模式。该模式是由等温植被参数化方案和本文建立的土壤模式所组成。土壤模式又分为五层模式和两层模式两种。利用 1 979年 5～ 8月“青藏高原气象科学实验”资料作验证 ,同时将五层模式与 Deardorff( 1 978)陆面模式、两层模式作了对比 ,结果表明五层土壤模式的模拟效果较好 ,它比 Deardorff模式优越 ,也比两层土壤模式模拟效果稍好一些。     

The Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Micro-algae: a significant national collection

The Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Micro-algae (CICCM) is a unique, nationally and internationally significant collection of 450 strains of approximately 100 micro-algae and 50 cyanobacteria species, both living and cryopreserved. The collection comprises 13 taxonomic classes and underpins research into the ecology and taxonomy of the isolates and the biotoxins they produce and their toxicity. The CICCM expanded significantly in the 1990s after a major harmful algae bloom event in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Since 2000, it has underpinned development of molecular detection tools and enabled development of new chemical testing methods for biotoxins in seafood. The tropical collection allows research into potential issues for New Zealand as the oceans warm, for example, the risks of ciguatera fish poisoning and palytoxins in seafood. Research results generated from isolates in the cyanobacterial collection have assisted national risk management regarding drinking water and informed the development of the New Zealand guidelines for managing cyanobacteria in recreational fresh waters. The actual living and cryopreserved micro-algae and cyanobacteria collection (without infrastructure) has a current estimated value of NZ$1.6 million.     

Experiences of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist “trio” supporting the backlash against global warming

This paper identifies cultural and historical dimensions that structure US climate science politics. It explores why a key subset of scientists—the physicist founders and leaders of the influential George C. Marshall Institute—chose to lend their scientific authority to this movement which continues to powerfully shape US climate policy. The paper suggests that these physicists joined the environmental backlash to stem changing tides in science and society, and to defend their preferred understandings of science, modernity, and of themselves as a physicist elite—understandings challenged by on-going transformations encapsulated by the widespread concern about human-induced climate change.     

长沙电力学院3号教学楼人工挖孔灌注桩工程地质问题及其处理措施

长沙电力学院 3号教学楼人工挖孔桩基的施工条件极差。经灵活采用多种经济实用的措施处理 ,成功地解决了流砂、流泥、管涌、坍塌、护壁吊烂与整体失稳等技术难题。     

The International Latitude Service – A Historical Review, From The Beginning To Its Foundation In 1899 And The Period Until 1922

The study of Polar Motion (PM) is associated withthe work of the InternationalLatitude Service (ILS), the International PolarMotion Service (IPMS) and theBureau International de l'Heure (BIH), andthen the International Earth RotationService (IERS). After reviewing briefly thehistory of early PM research, thescientific objective of the ILS including itsrealizing, and the activities of all thecited services and giving information on thePM time series available from mid-19thcentury to the present, important details onthe events and results are presentedover the period until 1922. It is shown, inwhich way the Geodetic Institute Potsdamcontributed to the foundation of the ILS andtook part in its activities through thework of Helmert, Albrecht, Wanach and Mahnkopf.Based on international scientificcooperation, the results were the rectangularcoordinates of the Polar Motion from1890.0 to 1922.7 at 0.1 year intervals, inparticular those derived from the latitudeobservations at independent stations from 1890.0to 1899.8, and those derived fromthe latitude observations at the ILS stationsfrom 1899.9 to 1922.7.