An implementation of rock engineering system for ranking the instability potential of natural slopes in Greek territory. An application in Karditsa County

This paper presents an application of rock engineering system (RES) in an attempt to reveal and assess the inherent instability potential of 388 sites where equivalent landslides have been manifested and recorded in the region of Karditsa County, Greece. The main objective has been defining the principal causative and triggering factors responsible for the manifestation of landslide phenomena, quantify their interactions, obtain their weighted coefficients, and calculate the instability index, which refers to the inherent potential instability of each natural slope of the examined region. From the statistical interpretation of the data reported in a well-documented database and concerning the examined failure sites, a clear correlation between the instability index and the area affected by a single landslide event has been revealed. Almost the entire failure sites, 98% of the examined slope sites, exhibit an instability index value over 55, a value which is thought to be a critical threshold for landslide manifestation concerning natural slopes in Karditsa County. It is argued that the presented RES methodology, engaging the selected set of parameters, could be considered as an effective expert's tool for ranking, in an objectively optimal and simple way, the instability potential of natural slopes in Karditsa County, and thus providing a tool for sound zoning landslide hazard.     

Design of shallow foundations under tensile loading for transmission line towers: An overview

Tensioned foundations are common in civil engineering applications such as transmission towers, harbors, offshore structures, basement slabs under pressure, industrial equipment, etc. Procedures for the design of tensioned foundations are discussed in this paper, including specific recommendations for more common transmission tower foundations. Starting from a distinction between shallow and deep modes of failure, the paper presents the most common failure mechanisms for shallow failure in tension, including procedures for calculation of foundation tensile capacity under vertical and inclined loading. Emphasis is given to the influence of the strength of the compacted backfill compared to the strength of the natural soil, including presentation of results of full-scale loading tests.     

Upper mantle structure of the South American continent and neighboring oceans from surface wave tomography

We present a new three-dimensional SV-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath South America and the surrounding oceans, built from the waveform inversion of 5850 Rayleigh wave seismograms. The dense path coverage and the use of higher modes to supplement the fundamental mode of surface waves allow us to constrain seismic heterogeneities with horizontal wavelengths of a few hundred kilometres in the uppermost 400 km of the mantle.The large scale features of our tomographic model confirm previous results from global and regional tomographic studies (e.g. the depth extent of the high velocity cratonic roots down to about 200–250 km).Several new features are highlighted in our model. Down to 100 km depth, the high velocity lid beneath the Amazonian craton is separated in two parts associated with the Guyana and Guapore shields, suggesting that the rifting episode responsible for the formation of the Amazon basin has involved a significant part of the lithosphere. Along the Andean subduction belt, the structure of the high velocity anomaly associated with the sudbduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate reflects the along-strike variation in dip of the subducting plate. Slow velocities are observed down to about 100 km and 150 km at the intersection of the Carnegie and Chile ridges with the continent and are likely to represent the thermal anomalies associated with the subducted ridges. These lowered velocities might correspond to zones of weakness in the subducted plate and may have led to the formation of “slab windows” developed through unzipping of the subducted ridges; these windows might accommodate a transfer of asthenospheric mantle from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. From 150 to 250 km depth, the subducting Nazca plate is associated with high seismic velocities between 5°S and 37°S. We find high seismic velocities beneath the Paraná basin down to about 200 km depth, underlain by a low velocity anomaly in the depth range 200–400 km located beneath the Ponta Grossa arc at the southern tip of the basin. This high velocity anomaly is located southward of a narrow S-wave low velocity structure observed between 200 and 500–600 km depth in body wave studies, but irresolvable with our long period datasets. Both anomalies point to a model in which several, possibly diachronous, plumes have risen to the surface to generate the Paraná large igneous province (LIP).     

铜陵大团山铜(钼)矿床辉钼矿赋存状态及成因意义

大团山层状铜矿床中伴生有不同规模的钼矿体。钼矿主矿体赋存于角岩夹矽卡岩和黑色含钼碳质页岩中。矿石手标本中,矿石矿物的颗粒非常细小,难以靠肉眼或矿相显微镜进行鉴别。通过电子探针面扫描,发现钼主要以微小的鳞片状辉钼矿的形式,分布于穿插切割矽卡岩或碳质页岩的石英-方解石脉中。这类石英-方解石脉形成晚于矽卡岩或碳质页岩,通常与岩浆热液活动有关,故推断钼矿化主要与岩浆热液作用有关,辉钼矿Re-Os年龄代表着岩浆热液成矿作用的时代。     

关于弹性体内充流体圆形钻孔的简正模

本文运用声波导的理论讨论钻井声场的共振模式问题,特别注意稳态现象和暂态现象的区别与联系.本文考察了共振模式的存在性及其在声波测井信号中的反映.     

使用ECMWF集合预报数据集估计全球季节平均气候异常的潜在可预报性

利用ECMWF PROVOST项目产生的在给定海表温度强迫下的150(1979～1993)季节集合预报数据集，分析揭示了季节平均气候异常潜在可预报性的全球分布。首先，利用可再现的强迫模态重建集合资料场，在Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验的基础上定义潜在可预报性指数PU^k，然后，将重建场的PU^k与重建场贡献于集合平均的方差比结合，提出了定量估计局地潜在可预报性的指数PI。以全球850hPa温度季节平均异常场为例，对PI进行定量计算表明：不仅大部分热带地区，而且热带外一些地区的季节平均气候异常具有潜在可预报性，主要分布在北美、南非和亚洲部分季风区；全球大部分潜在可预报地区主要受ENSO型强迫控制，而部分温带地区如中国华北、中亚、北美南部主要受非ENSO型强迫控制；局地潜在可预报性具有季节性，夏季可预报性较强，冬季较弱。通过与其他几种估计季节潜在可预报性的方法进行比较表明，本文提出的PI方法能更好地把热带外地区受外强迫控制的可预报信号提取出来。     

垂直切变基流中东西向地形对惯性重力波稳定性的影响

利用分层浅水波方程和小参数(WKB)方法,考虑具有垂直切变的基流和地形的作用,求得惯性重力波的局地频率方程,并根据此方程分析讨论了在多种环境条件下波动的稳定性情况。     

Dominant Modes of Interannual Variability in Atmospheric Water Vapor Content over East Asia during Winter and Their Associated Mechanisms

Atmospheric water vapor content(WVC) is a critical factor for East Asian winter precipitation. This study investigates the dominant modes of interannual variability in WVC over East Asia during winter and their underlying mechanisms.Based on the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) method, the leading mode(EOF1, R~2 = 28.9%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a meridional dipole pattern characterized by opposite WVC anomalies over northeastern China and eastern China; the second mode(EOF2, R~2 = 24.3%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a monopole pattern characterized by consistent WVC anomalies over eastern China. EOF1 is mainly modulated by two anomalous zonal water vapor transport(WVT) branches over northeastern China and eastern China, which are associated with an anomalous atmospheric wave train over Eurasia affected by sea ice cover in the Kara Sea-Barents Sea(SIC-KSBS) area in the preceding October-November(ON). EOF2 is mainly modulated by an anomalous westerly WVT branch over eastern China, which is associated with a circumglobal atmospheric zonal wave train in the Northern Hemisphere. This circumglobal zonal wave train is modulated by concurrent central and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. The SIC-KSBS anomalies in ON and the concurrent SST anomalies over tropical Pacific may partially account for the interannual variability of EOF1 and EOF2 winter WVC, and thus may provide a theoretical basis for improving the prediction of winter climate over East Asia.     

南京地区7—8午后雷阵雨天气

本文主要分析南京地区７－８月发生午后雷阵雨天气,气候与其相关的革些参数的特征,以及大尺度的天气形势条件,用南京单站资料分析位热不稳定度和不稳定能量,从物理场判定南京是否处于产生雷阵雨的潜在不稳定区内,从相关资料中建立南京地区７￣８月午后雷阵雨天气的概率预报方程。e     

江西夏季雷电天气热力条件及不稳定指数对比分析

选取2007年夏季两次强度不同的致灾雷电过程进行对比,并将其能量参数与典型历史个例进行比较。结果表明：（1）副高位置、500hPa低槽移速、中尺度辐合系统以及热力结构的差异是导致雷暴强度不同的原因之一;（2）中尺度辐合系统移向鄱阳湖时,对流天气更加剧烈,但对大尺度系统鄱阳湖的阻挡作用不显著;（3）对流层上干下湿的特征越明显,强雷电发生的概率越大;（4）CAPE〉632J/kg,K〉34℃,Si〈0℃,Li〈0℃,TT〉43℃,SSI〉43可以作为江西致灾雷电发生的阈值,超过阈值越多,强对流天气发生的概率越大;（5）能量参数的演变对致灾雷电的潜势预测、强度判别具有较好的指示,夏季对流参数的指示意义较春季更好。