琼东南盆地北礁地区梅山组丘形反射特征

目前琼东南盆地北礁凹陷中中新统梅山组顶部丘形反射引起广泛关注,但对其成因有不同认识。本文通过高精度二维、三维地震、钻井资料,研究丘形反射的特征。研究表明北礁地区梅山组顶部发育近东西向展布的长条形丘体,丘间为水道,丘内为中-弱振幅的地震反射,与西南部强振幅水道砂岩形成鲜明的对比,波阻抗反演揭示丘内为低波阻抗,属泥岩范畴。梅山组塑性丘内地层发生重力扩展,在其上覆的脆性地层（强振幅砂岩和弱振幅泥岩）发育多边形断层,反推出梅山组形成于深水环境,丘为泥丘,沉积环境分析也认为北礁凹陷中中新世为半深海沉积,梅山组的丘-谷分别对应上覆地层的谷-丘,认为是底流剥蚀/沉积成因。本文的研究对南海北部丘形反射的认识有重要意义,并可降低油气探勘风险。     

德干断裂系的特征、活动性与地震危险性评价

乌东德水电站场址附近走向NNE的德干断裂系主要由裸佐断裂、马店断裂、鹿鹤断裂等组成,全长约120 km。该断裂系向北收敛,向南呈“帚状”撒开成多条分支近平行排列,展布宽约6 km。断层构造岩均为脆性变形所产生的碎裂岩系,断裂带内各种次级组构表明,该断裂系在新构造时期存在多次构造活动,且活动强度由强逐渐变弱。断裂最新活动年代在中更新世,运动方式为粘滑兼有稳滑。地震危险性分析认为,倮佐断裂的最大地震震级为6.0级,马店断裂、鹿鹤断裂等在5～5.5级之间。     

海南东北部地区地壳地震各向异性特征初步研究

基于海南省地震台网2000~2013年的区域地震波形数据,用剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM)获得了海南琼东北部地区"九五"数字台网中2个台站的剪切波分裂参数。结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向代表了原地最大主压应力方向。七星岭台NE方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域水平主压应力场方向不一致,与NE走向的断裂一致,体现了局部构造和局部应力场的复杂性;青山岭NNE向的快剪切波偏振优势方向揭示了NNE走向断裂的构造意义。同时,本研究证实,位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与对所选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,而快剪切波偏振优势方向较为离散则反映了该区域复杂的断裂构造和应力分布特征。     

Delineation of the northern limit of the Congo Craton based on spectral analysis and 2.5D modeling of aeromagnetic data in the Akonolinga-Mbama area,Cameroon

Aeromagnetic data of the Akonolinga-Mbama region are analyzed in order to elucidate the subsurface geology of the area. The available data in the form of a residual aeromagnetic map is interpreted as a vast magnetically quiet region, and complex zones which do not correlate with the surface geology of the region.Within the magnetically quiet zone, a high negative circular elongated anomaly zone seems to represent an intrusion of a plutonic rock into the metamorphic formations of the region. Spectral analysis and two-and-a-half dimensional (2½-D) modeling are used to estimate the depth of the causative bodies and determine the source rocks along three profiles crossing the suspected areas. Models from various zones of granitic intrusions are obtained, thereby proposing some shallow fault lines along zones of contact. This permits us to mark out the northern margin of the Congo Craton, thus enabling us to distinguish the cratonic formations from the Pan African fold belt. Part of the belt has been thrust over the northern portion of the Congo Craton in Cameroon.     

山西断裂带断层现今活动特征及与中强震关系浅析

断层的运动方式与滑动速率是断层活动性分析的主要内容,本文利用山西地区的10处 跨断层流动场地和4处定点台站的观测资料,计算了断层垂直升降累积量、断层垂直活动速 率,定量地给出断层现今活动性质与背景活动方式,然后采用主成分分析方法对所有的资料进 行综合分析,给出区域内断层活动的总体活动水平。结果表明：山西断裂带大多数断层活动为 张性正断层活动,南部断层累积活动量较大,中北部相对较小。断层垂直活动速率综合指标反 映出山西断裂带断层总体活动具有较好的趋势性特征,活动规律明显,并且在中强地震前出现 显著异常变化,其与山西地区及周边的5.0级以上地震有较好的对应。断层活动在2013年又 一次出现了破趋势的异常变化,本文认为对此应引起注意并加强跟踪分析。     

Mechanism on Moho offset induced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults

Recent high-resolution deep seismic reflection profile across the Kunlun fault in northeastern Tibet shows clearly that the Moho is cut off by a complex thrust fault system. Moho offset is a general phenomenon, but little is known about the dynamic mechanism. In this study, contact models with Maxwell materials are used to simulate the mechanical process of Moho offset induced by the aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. Based on the seismic reflection data, we project a single fault model and a complex fault system model with two faults intersecting. The deformations of the Moho, the aseismic slips, and contact stresses on faults in different models are discussed in detail. Results show that the Moho offset might be produced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults, and the magnitude is influenced by the friction coefficient of faults and the viscosity of the lower crust. The maximum slip occurs near the Moho on the single fault or at the crossing point of two intersecting faults system. Stress concentrates mainly on the Moho, the deep end of faults, or the crossing point. This study will throw light on understanding the mechanism of Moho offset and aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. The results of complex fault system with two faults intersecting are also useful to understand the shallow intersecting faults that may cause earthquakes.     

复杂断层网络环境下地下洞室群三维地质分析与应用

断层构造是制约地下工程设计与施工的关键因素。综合考虑复杂地质构造与地下洞室群结构的耦合关系,采用三维地质建模方法建立实现了地层体、断层体与地下洞室群结构的统一模型。基于三维模型提出了断层复杂度的概念,为水利水电工程地下厂房洞室群的选址方案分析提供了一种新的手段。针对地下围岩稳定性问题,提出基于断层与断层、断层与开挖面相互切割的曲面块体识别方法,搜索地下厂房洞室群内可能的失稳区域。上述方法已成功应用在某水电工程地下厂房洞室群分析中,在设计方案优化分析中取得了良好的效果。     

Characterization of Quaternary faults by electric resistivity tomography in the Andean Precordillera of Western Argentina

El río San Juan, situado en la Provincia de San Juan (Argentina) cruza la Precordillera y otras unidades geológicas incluyendo la Depresión de Ullum y la Zona de La Laja, entre las latitudes 31°S y 32°S. El curso del río tiene un cierto caracter antecedente como puede deducirse por sus dos trazas perpendiculares unidas por otra casi paralela a las alineaciones estructurales principales. En la zona de la Precordillera, el valle del río San Juan muestra numerosos abanicos aluviales, situados en las zonas de confluencia entre el río principal y sus tributarios. Las superficies de los abanicos aluviales cuaternarios estan cortadas por una serie de escalones que consideramos como terrazas aluviales generadas por episodios repetitivos de agradación y degradación. El sector estudiado incluye una zona con una importante actividad sísmica reciente(La Laja), otra sin una importante actividad sísmica reciente (Precordillera), y una zona subsidente (Ullum) donde se formó un gran lago natural hace unos 6500 años. El antiguo río San Juan fue capturado por el valle de la Quebrada de Ullum mediante una incisión del orden de 25 m, que implicó una nueva adecuación del gradiente del río mediante los efectos de la erosión remontante. El gradiente del río San Juan muestra algunas irregularidades que, aunque no se presenten relacionadas directamente con las estructuras principales, estan relacionadas con la propia dinámica fluvial que acentúa la diferenciación litológica. La anchura del valle del río principal, la geometria y el gradiente de cada tributario, junto a las litologias del basamento y a las dimensiones de cada area fuente local, son los factores principales que controlan los procesos de la generación de las terrazas aluviales. En la zona de La Laja, donde la terraza mas alta soporta un nivel de travertino, la datación de los depósitos travertínicos proporciona datos como para suponer una tasa de incisión del orden de 0,9–1 mm/año, asociada a la actuación periódica de la falla de La Laja.

福建东南沿海第四纪盆地构造沉降

利用福建东南沿海地区城市活断层探测的研究资料,重新确认了福州、泉州和漳州盆地的断层组合与第四纪沉积。研究区内晚更新世“福州海侵”产生的炭质淤泥沉积现代高程的分析对比表明,晚更新世以来该区地壳发生不均匀隆升,而这些盆地相对于研究区内其他地区发生沉降。断层的静态位错理论研究认为,正断层深部活动引发地表的沉降,该区断裂的深部正断层活动是盆地沉降的重要因素。盆地的发展演化可划分为晚更新世以前的断陷阶段,和其间或其后的拗陷沉积阶段。     

Characteristics of the 2000 fissure eruption and lava flow fields at Mount Cameroon volcano,West Africa: a combined field mapping and remote sensing approach

This study focuses on the compound pahoehoe lava flow fields of the 2000 eruption on Mount Cameroon volcano, West Africa and it comprehensively documents their morphology. The 2000 eruption of Mount Cameroon took place at three different sites (sites 1, 2 and 3), on the southwest flank and near the summit that built three different lava flow fields. These lava flow fields were formed during a long‐duration (28th May–mid September) summit and flank eruption involving predominantly pahoehoe flows (sites 2 and 3) and aa flows (site 1). Field observations of flows from a total of four cross‐sections made at the proximal end, midway and at the flow front, have been supplemented with data from satellite imagery (SRTM DEM, Landsat TM and ETM+) and are used to offer some clues into their emplacement. Detailed mapping of these lava flows revealed that site 1 flows were typically channel‐fed simple aa flows that evolved as a single flow unit, while sites 2 and 3 lava flow fields were fed by master tubes within fissures producing principally tube‐fed compound pahoehoe flows. Sites 2 and 3 flows issued from ∼ 33 ephemeral vents along four NE–SW‐trending faults/fissures. Pahoehoe morphologies at sites 2 and 3 include smooth, folded and channelled lobes emplaced via a continuum of different mechanisms with the principal mechanism being inflation. The dominant structural features observed on these flow fields included: fissures/faults, vents, levees, channels, tubes and pressure ridges. Other structural features present were pahoehoe toes/lobes, breakouts and squeeze‐ups. Slabby pahoehoe resulting from slab‐crusted lava was the transitionary lava type from pahoehoe to aa observed at all the sites. Transition zones correspond to slopes of > 10°. Variations in flow morphology and textures across profiles and downstream were repetitive, suggesting a cyclical nature for the responsible processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.