大洋核杂岩与拆离断层研究进展

大洋核杂岩和拆离断层是洋中脊中发育的重要构造,被广泛关注。拆离断层一般为长期活动的,低角度的,大断距的正断层,绝大多数形成于慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的内侧角上,其将地壳深部和上地幔的物质拆离到海底面形成大洋核杂岩。大洋核杂岩因其表面发育了窗棱构造,在多波束图像上更容易识别。大洋核杂岩所处的地壳年龄较年轻,为0~10Ma。洋中脊半扩张速率约为10mm/a,具有不对称扩张的特点,有拆离断层的一侧扩张速率更快。在大洋核杂岩取得的岩芯中代表性岩石为辉长岩,地震资料解释认为大洋核杂岩下具有一个大的辉长岩侵入体。发育大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的区域有升高的布格重力异常,高的P波速度和抬升的莫霍面。拆离断层起源于岩浆供给不足的区域,大多在大洋中脊洋脊段(segment)的末端,其演化会受到上地幔辉长岩体侵入的影响,通过旋转铰链的模式进行。总结了全球大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的分布情况,讨论了其岩石特征、地球物理场特征,探讨其成因机制和演化模式,并探讨了未来的研究方向。     

高密度电法在探测隐伏断裂带中的应用

本文介绍了高密度电法的原理及工作方法,并应用高密度电法对龙门山断裂区的隐伏断裂带进行了勘测。实验结果表明了高密度电法,是探测隐伏断裂带的行之有效的方法。     

Influence of carbonate facies on fault zone architecture

Normal faults on Malta were studied to analyse fault propagation and evolution in different carbonate facies. Deformation of carbonate facies is controlled by strength, particle size and pore structure. Different deformation styles influence the damage characteristics surrounding faults, and therefore the fault zone architecture. The carbonates were divided into grain- and micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. Stronger grain-dominated carbonates show localised deformation, whereas weaker micrite-dominated carbonates show distributed deformation. The weaker micrite-dominated carbonates overlie stronger grain-dominated carbonates, creating a mechanical stratigraphy. A different architecture of damage, the ‘Fracture Splay Zone’ (FSZ), is produced within micrite-dominated carbonates due to this mechanical stratigraphy. Strain accumulates at the point of juxtaposition between the stronger grain-dominated carbonates in the footwall block and the weaker micrite-dominated carbonates in the hanging wall block. New slip surfaces nucleate and grow from these points, developing an asymmetric fault damage zone segment. The development of more slip surfaces within a single fault zone forms a zone of intense deformation, bound between two slip surfaces within the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies (i.e., the FSZ). Rather than localisation onto a single slip surface, allowing formation of a continuous fault core, the deformation will be dispersed along several slip surfaces. The dispersed deformation can create a highly permeable zone, rather than a baffle/seal, in the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. The formation of a Fracture Splay Zone will therefore affect the sealing potential of the fault zone. The FSZ, by contrast, is not observed in the majority of the grain-dominated carbonates.     

Understanding the Mesozoic kinematic evolution in the Cameros basin (Iberian Range,NE Spain) from magnetic subfabrics and mesostructures

Analysis of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and brittle mesostructures (hydroplastic synsedimentary faults and tension gashes) is applied in this study in order to characterize the Mesozoic tectonic events in the Cameros basin (NW Iberian Range), formed between Tithonian and Albian times. Low-field AMS at room and low temperature (LF-AMS at RT and LF-AMS at LT, respectively) together with high-field AMS (HF-AMS) measurements allow separating ferro- and paramagnetic fabrics. The combination of LF-AMS at LT and HF-AMS torque measurements confirms the reliability of both procedures in terms of isolating the paramagnetic contribution to the AMS. Magnetic fabric results combined with the analyses of synsedimentary faults indicate a NW–SE extension direction during Aptian (and probably Barremian) times. This extension direction is perpendicular to the main extension direction (NE–SW) prevailing during early and late stages of basin evolution. It is also consistent with extension direction deduced from large-scale bending folds and tension gashes, developed after partial lithification. Cleavage development during Albian enhanced the orientation of the magnetic fabric in lithologies where the previous extensional magnetic lineation is coaxial with the expected one for compression.     

柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带基底花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

柴达木盆地西部基底分布有大量的有花岗岩类岩石。通过对柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带钻遇的基底花岗岩样品开展详细的岩石学、锆石激光探针等离子体质谱U-Pb同位素年代学及岩石地球化学研究表明,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为467~450Ma,显示基底花岗岩的结晶年龄为中-晚奥陶世,属于加里东期岩浆侵入旋回。详细的岩石地球化学分析表明,昆北断阶带基底花岗岩属过铝高钾钙碱性系列,其稀土元素配分模式为具有Eu负异常的轻稀土元素富集型,昆北断阶带中南部基底花岗岩属上地壳物质熔融,同碰撞环境下形成的花岗岩。综合区域上的研究成果,昆北断阶带及其以西地区存在中奥陶世-早志留世的加里东期构造-岩浆事件,这对探讨柴达木盆地西部基底花岗岩成因类型及岩浆演化具有重要的意义。     

煤系变形介质条件研究在煤层小断层预测中的应用——以下峪口矿2号煤层为例

煤系介质条件作为构造形成和发育的的物质基础，必然影响断层的发育。以陕西下峪口煤矿2号煤层为对象，研究了煤层围岩介质参数与煤层小断层间的关系，确定了控制2号煤层小断层发育的4个主要因素，并据此建立了预测小断层发育程度的数学模型。     

沿阿穆尔板块西边界的活动断层(蒙古领土)

阿穆尔板块西部边界在蒙古境内的空间位置尚不清楚,并且活动断层构造及其沿线地壳的应力状态研究较少。本文在沿此边界的三个区域——杭爱—肯特构造鞍部、布尔古特地块(鄂尔浑—土拉交汇处)和色楞格地块(包括色楞格凹陷和布伦—努鲁隆起),利用空间图像解译、地形起伏度分析、地质构造资料以及构造压裂和沿裂缝位移资料重建构造古应力,对活动断层进行研究。研究表明,活动断裂继承了古生代和中生代古构造的非均质性。这些断层沿着板块边界并不是单一的带,而是成簇的。它们的运动取决于走向:亚纬向断层是具有一定逆分量的左旋走滑断层,北西向断层是逆断层或逆冲断层,通常具有右旋走滑分量,海底断层是右旋走滑断层,北东向断层是正断层。位于色楞格凹陷和杭爱东部的断裂构造的活动始于上新世。逆断层和走滑断层与上新世情况不符,但多与更新世地貌相符,表明其活动年代较晚,为更新世时期。利用构造断裂和沿断裂的位移,重建活动断裂带变形末阶段的应力应变状态,结果表明断裂在最大挤压轴的北北东和北东方向上以压缩和走滑为主。只有在色楞格凹陷内,以扩张和走滑类型的应力张量为主,且在最小挤压轴的北西走向尤为显著。在南部,杭爱东部(鄂尔浑地堑)内有1个以扩张机制为主的局部区域,说明蒙古中部断裂在更新世—全新世阶段的活动以及现代地震活动主要受与印度斯坦和欧亚大陆汇聚过程相关的东北方向的附加水平挤压的控制。使研究区地壳产生走滑变形、贝加尔湖裂谷发散活动以及阿穆尔板块东南运动的另一个因素是东南方向软流圈流动对岩石圈底部的影响。阿穆尔板块和蒙古地块之间的边界在构造结构上是零碎的,代表了覆盖整个蒙古西部变形带的边缘部分。     

中国海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂发育特征及控藏作用

走滑断控油气藏作为一种全新类型油气藏,其勘探潜力已初步显现。在对中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂发育特征与控藏作用开展对比分析的基础上,揭示了塔里木盆地、四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地内部走滑断裂空间结构与活动特征的相似性与差异性,并结合盆地动力学演化特征探讨了不同盆地内部走滑断裂成因机制,系统分析了三大盆地内部走滑断裂的控藏作用:(1)中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部均发育中小尺度滑移距走滑断裂,普遍具有“纵向分层,平面分段,垂向多期叠加”的空间结构特征。(2)三大克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂体系具有成因、分布和期次的差异性。塔里木盆地内部走滑断裂体系形成时间早,演化时间长,在盆地北部具有“南北对接,东西分区”特征;鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘受燕山期(侏罗纪—白垩纪)陆内挤压影响,形成了北西西向走滑断裂体系;四川盆地受控于二叠纪峨眉山大地幔柱影响,在盆地内部先存基底断裂基础上,形成了北西向、北西西向、近东西向张扭型走滑断裂。(3)中国三大海相克拉通盆地内部走滑断裂对油气成藏和富集具有重要的控制作用。在控储方面,受断裂-流体耦合改造控制,可形成断控缝洞型储集体、断-溶缝洞型或断控裂缝-孔隙型储集体;在控圈方面,在碳酸盐岩地层中可形成断控缝洞型、断溶缝洞型岩性圈闭;在控运方面,走滑断裂产状高陡,可直接沟通烃源岩和储层,构成重要的油气垂向输导体系。     

基于实际材料图的三维断层模型动态构建方法

三维地质模型是地质调查信息表达从传统二维平面向三维空间转变的一次重大突破。中国正在开展的三维地质填图作为国家的重要基础地质调查工作部署,将调查与研究相结合,在推动三维地质建模从研究走向实践具有重大意义。三维地质填图过程中如何准确、快速地构建三维断层模型是其中的关键点及难点。通过对数字填图过程不同阶段数据源的分析,详细分析了实际材料图建立断层数据以及与野外路线数据的关系映射规则,提出并实现了由线及面的断层模型构建方法。该方法强调断层模型构建与业务流程的一致性、动态性和快速性,构建模型的数据源始于野外第一手资料,充分利用填图业务过程中不同阶段数据的关联、约束与继承关系,能够满足在填图过程中根据地质认识的深入快速、动态地重构模型的要求,同时也可根据直观的三维断层模型时时验证地质连图的合理性。算法已在实际野外三维地质填图工作进行了多次实验,获得较好的成果。实验说明,基于实际材料图的三维断层模型构建方法与实际业务过程同步,具有操作便捷性,可直接应用于三维地质填图的实际工作要求。     

Polygonal deformation bands

We report for the first time the occurrence of polygonal faults in sandstone, which is compelling given that layer-bound polygonal fault systems have been observed so far only in fine-grained sediments such as clay and chalk. The polygonal faults are shear deformation bands that developed under shallow burial conditions via strain hardening in dm-wide zones. The edges of the polygons are 1–5 m long. The shear deformation bands are organized as conjugate faults along each edge of the polygon and form characteristic horst-like structures. The individual deformation bands have slip magnitudes ranging from a few mm to 1.5 cm; the cumulative average slip magnitude in a zone is up to 10 cm. The deformation bands heaves, in aggregate form, accommodate a small isotropic horizontal extension (strain <0.005). The individual shear deformation bands show abutting T-junctions, veering, curving, and merging where they mechanically interact. Crosscutting relationships are rare. The interactions of the deformation bands are similar to those of mode I opening fractures. The documented fault networks have important implications for evaluating the geometry of km-scale polygonal fault systems in the subsurface, top seal integrity, as well as constraining paleo-tectonic stress regimes.