参数化浅海流体动力学模型中的耗散与频散

对几个参数化浅海流体动力学模型的耗散性和频散关系进行了理论分析,提出三点结论:1.深度平均(或积分)的浅海流体动力学模式不能充分表达湍耗散;2.浅海中的强耗散将对长波振荡具有本质的影响;3.几种不同的湍参数化动力模型将对长波产生不同的频散效应。     

Calibration and modification of energy dissipation models for irregular wave breaking

This study is undertaken to recalibrate eight existing energy dissipation models and find out the suitable models, which can be used to compute H_rms for a wide range of experimental conditions. The examination shows that the coefficients in the existing models are not the optimal values for a wide range of experimental conditions. Using the new calibrated coefficients, all existing models can be used for computing H_rms and the model of Battjes, J.A., Stive, M.J.F. [1985. Calibration and verification of a dissipation model for random breaking waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (C5), 9159–9167] gives the best predictions. The existing models are also modified by changing the breaker height formulas in the dissipation models. The accuracy of most existing models is improved significantly by using the suitable breaker height formula.     

Experiments to Study Radiation Transport in Clumpy Media

Clumpiness of the interstellar medium may play an important role in the transfer of infrared continuum radiation in star forming regions (Boisse, 1990). For example, in homogeneous models, C II emission should be confined to the cloud edge (Viala, 1986). However, in star formation regions (such as M17SW, M17 and W51), it is observed to extend deep into the molecular cloud (Stutzki et al., 1988; Keene et al., 1985). One plausible interpretation of these observations is that, due to their clumpiness, the clouds are penetrated by UV radiation far deeper than expected from simple homogeneous models. The interaction of H II regions around young massive stars with a clumpy medium is another area of interest. Molecular clouds are well established to be clumpy on length scales down to the limits of observational resolution. Clumps can act as localized reservoirs of gas which can be injected into the surroundings by photoionization and/or hydrodynamic ablation (Dyson et al., 1995; Mathis et al., 1998). The calculation of radiation transport in hot, clumpy materials is a challenging problem. Approximate, statistical treatments of this problem have been developed by several workers, but their application has not been tested in detail. We describe laboratory experiments, using the Omega laser to test modelling of radiation transport through clumpy media in the form of inhomogeneous plasmas.     

组合煤岩破坏过程能量耗散特征及冲击危险评价

为揭示组合煤岩失稳破坏过程中的能量耗散规律,通过组合煤岩单轴压缩试验,从能量角度对组合煤岩失稳特征进行了分析。引入分形理论,研究了声发射信号与煤岩破坏程度之间的关系,以及不同组合结构对组合煤岩破坏过程的能量耗散的影响,提出一种利用煤岩结构力学特性判定冲击危险的方法。结果表明：随组合煤岩顶板岩石高度增加,试样整体强度和弹性模量增加,峰后应变软化过程缩短;岩石高度的增加,岩石与煤的弹性模量差值的减小均会导致冲击危险增加;通过对组合煤岩中岩石和煤的高度及其力学性质分析,提出了组合煤岩冲击倾向性判定指数,利用冲击倾向性判定指数对组合煤岩冲击危险进行评价,其准确度和实用性优于传统模糊判定的“四指标”方法,为深入开展煤岩组合结构冲击倾向评价提供了试验和理论支持。     

人工消雾试验中的雾微物理响应

2009 年11—12 月在天津市武清区实施了两次消雾外场试验。11 月6—7 日,利用燃烧烟条的方式播撒吸湿性焰剂对暖雾实施催化;11 月30 日—12 月1 日,利用播撒液氮的方式实施冷雾消雾试验。对两次消雾试验期间雾的微物理观测资料分析发现,雾对催化有明显响应,具体表现为:雾滴浓度先增后减且变化剧烈,液态水含量、雾滴大小等微物理特征量也发生了显著变化;催化期间雾滴谱均出现了谱宽加大的现象,催化结束后谱宽恢复至催化前状态;催化效应导致出现了处于不同发展阶段的雾滴,雾滴谱发生了单峰分布和双峰分布间的变换:催化前滴谱为单峰分布,催化期间出现双峰谱;多个短时双峰谱反复出现;首个双峰谱出现后,滴谱逐渐由单调递减向单峰、双峰转变;催化结束后,滴谱由双峰谱恢复为单峰谱。分析认为:催化后暖雾中发生成熟过程(Ripening Process),而冷雾催化后则启动了贝吉隆过程(Bergeron process)。      

饱和软土地基中PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型

软土地基中群桩稳定性分析是岩土工程的难点之一.通过对饱和软土地基中群桩贯入全过程的力学分析, 结合群桩效应与工作性能, 根据功能平衡原理, 建立了贯入过程中附加应力(含超静孔隙水压力)引起的耗散能量与外力做功、弹性势能三者的平衡关系; 同时, 针对饱和软土地基中高预应力管桩(PHC)的排土特性, 结合现行桩基规范, 分别给出了超静孔隙水压力势能、挤土耗散能、重力做功、超静孔隙水压力做功、摩擦耗能、土体弹性势能等的定量表达, 构建了PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型; 在此基础上, 导出了局部能量安全系数与整体能量安全系数.将上述模型应用于某工程PHC群桩基础的稳定性分析中, 并与数值模拟结果对比, 验证了该模型的合理可靠性, 对饱和软基中PHC群桩稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义.      

胡杨和灰杨的叶绿素荧光参数及茎水势对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地生境的响应

通过测定胡杨（Populus euphratica）、灰杨（Populus pruinosa）叶绿素荧光参数和茎水势,研究了二者成龄叶片样本的电子传递和光能的吸收、分配和耗散对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地生境的适应特征。结果表明,无论清晨弱光下还是正午强光下,胡杨茎水势均比灰杨低,胡杨具有更强的吸水能力;在光合有效辐射不十分高的晴天内,胡杨的光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率ETR对时间的积分面积大于灰杨,表明胡杨的日能量积累量大于灰杨;胡杨的非光化学淬灭系数NPQ呈单峰状,灰杨呈双峰态,正午的光合有效辐射对灰杨造成了一定程度的光抑制;午后14时（光合有效辐射最大,PAR=1216 μmo·m-2·s-1）,胡杨Y(NO)∶Y(NPQ)∶Y(Ⅱ)=18%∶50%∶32%,主动耗散能量的比例占到50%,表现了极强的抗性,而灰杨3者比例为Y(NO)∶Y(NPQ)∶Y(Ⅱ)=16%∶19%∶65%,通过提高主动散热（NPQ机制）比例,胡杨较灰杨具有更强的强光适应能力。胡杨与灰杨皆可通过提高激发能热耗散比例适应较高光合有效辐射,但胡杨较灰杨具有更强的调节能力和抗性。     

Seismic vulnerability evaluation of axially loaded steel built-up laced members Ⅱ: evaluations

The test results described in Part 1 of this paper (Lee and Bruneau, 2008) on twelve steel built-up laced members(BLMs) subjected to quasi-static loading are analyzed to provide better knowledge on their seismic behavior. Strengthcapacity of the BLM specimens is correlated with the strength predicted by the AISC LRFD Specifications. Assessmentsof hysteretic properties such as ductility capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and strength degradation after buckling of thespecimen are performed. The compressive strength of BLMs is found to be relatively well predicted by the AISC LRFDSpecifications. BLMs with smaller kl/r were ductile but failed to reach the target ductility of 3.0 before starting to fracture,while those with larger kl/r could meet the ductility demand in most cases. The normalized energy dissipation ratio, ECETand the normalized compressive strength degradation, Cr"/Cr of BLMs typically decrease as normalized displacements δ/δbexpincrease, and the ratios for specimens with larger kl/r dropped more rapidly than for specimens with smaller kl/r; similartrends were observed for the monolithic braces. The BLMs with a smaller slenderness ratio, kl/r, and width-to-thickness ratio,b/t, experienced a larger number of inelastic cycles than those with larger ratios.     

白榆、新疆杨液流动态比较研究

运用Granier热扩散式探针(TDP)法对宁夏河东沙地主要乔木树种白榆（Ulmus pumila）和新疆杨（Populus alba）夏初边材液流变化规律进行连续观测。利用自动气象站对周围气象因子如太阳辐射（Rs）、空气温度（Ta）、空气相对湿度（RH）和风速（Ws）进行同步观测,并对气象因子与白榆、新疆杨边材液流通量(Fs)的相关性进行分析。结果表明：①白榆、新疆杨边材液流速率（Vs）变化规律存在显著差异,白榆Vs主体表现为窄小双峰型,新疆杨Vs主体表现为宽峰波动型;白榆日间液流启动时间较新疆杨提前0.0~0.8 h,峰值出现时间推迟0.0~2.0 h,峰值持续时间较新疆杨缩短2.5~6.7 h,液流消退时间提前0.0~2.5 h。②白榆边材液流通量(Fs)仅为0.50 kg·h-1,而新疆杨高达1.25 kg·h-1,为白榆的2.5倍;白榆日耗水量（W）在8.81~17.73 kg·d-1之间,而新疆杨W在22.82~34.06 kg·d-1之间。③白榆、新疆杨在夜间保持一定的液流量以补充白天所耗水分,夜间水分补充量对各自日耗水量的贡献相近,为8%左右。④白榆、新疆杨Fs与气象因子关系密切,但气象因子的作用过程表现复杂。复相关分析表明：白榆、新疆杨Fs与Rs、Ta、Ws之间呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度RH呈极显著负相关,按相关程度排序为：Rs>RH>Ta>Ws。     

月球平均运动和地球自转速率长期变化的潮汐耗散

利用1983～1994年(共11年)期间,全球人卫激光测距(SLR)观测网对Lageos-1卫星的观测资料,估算二阶重力场系数和潮汐参数。SLR和卫星测高的潮汐解被用来计算月球轨道根数相对黄道坐标系的长期变化和地球自转速率的长期变化。SLR确定的总的潮汐耗散引起的月球平均运动的长期变化为-24.78″/世纪2,与激光测月结果（(-24.9±1.0)″/世纪2) 非常一致。日月潮汐引起的地球自转速率的长期变化为 -5.25×10-22rad /s2,顾及地球扁率变化（2）的非潮汐效应,对应的日长变化为1.49 ms/世纪,与1620年以来的天文月掩星结果（1.4 ms/世纪）十分相符。本文还联合卫星测高和人卫激光测距确定的潮汐解,在月球平均运动和地球自转速率的长期变化中,分离出固体地球和海洋的耗散效应。