逐点激发井深设计网格化方法的选取

随着地震勘探的不断深入,地震资料采集要求主频足够高,频带足够宽,能量足够强,而逐点激发井深设计有助于获得满意的地震信号,要设计合理的井深,网格化方法的选取非常重要。这里首先介绍了Surfer软件中十二种网格化方法原理特征,以及在逐点井深设计上的应用;然后运用Surfer软件中不同的插值方法,对BIN12工区岩性数据进行网格的效果对比与网格的密度探讨,选取了最佳的网格化方法;最后针对几种网格化方法进行井深对比试验,通过资料分析,说明了设计的井深合理,选取网格化方法的效果较好。     

地磁匹配导航中几项关键技术研究

地磁匹配导航的实质是数字地图的匹配.地磁数据库的精度和地磁适配区的选择是地磁匹配导航中的2项关键技术.文中把克吕格插值算法引入到地磁图的重构中,仿真结果表明了其有效性;同时把熵选择法和统计特征法引入到地磁适配区的选择中,通过仿真结果对2种方法进行比较,结果表明,熵选择法综合效果更好,更适合于在实际中应用.     

航测数据处理中的空间插值方法比较

航测数据的航线间距与采样点间距差异很大,生成等值线时需要进行空间插值.以云南省江川地区的航测数据为实验数据源,分别采用反距离权重插值(IDW)、规则样条函数插值(Regularized Spline)、张力样条函数(Tension Spline)插值和Kriging插值等4种插值方法,对航测数据进行分析与比较,从中选出...     

几种建立DEM模型插值方法精度的交叉验证

建立DEM模型时需要对离散的高程点进行空间插值,实现这一目的的插值方法有很多种。文章主要选择了6种常用的插值方法,分别在平原、丘陵和高山几种不同复杂程度的环境下对其插值的精度使用交叉验证方法进行评估。结果表明,同样的插值方法对不同复杂程度的地形效果是不一致的,多种插值方法中以克里金插值方法的插值适用性最强,精度最高。     

石羊河流域近50 a来日照时数的时空变化特征分析

 基于石羊河流域5个气象站点1959—2008年的日照时数资料,采用气候倾向率分析、Kriging空间插值、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等方法对石羊河流域日照时数的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,近50 a来,石羊河流域年日照时数呈显著增加趋势,其变化倾向率为33.9 h/10a;四季日照时数均呈增加趋势,春季增加最显著,对年日照时数的贡献率最大,冬季次之。石羊河流域日照时数空间差异显著,表现为年日照时数自南向北递增。突变分析表明,1987年为日照时数的突变年。Morlet小波分析表明,石羊河流域年日照时数存在8 a的显著周期。     

Issues in characterizing heterogeneity and connectivity in non-multiGaussian media

The performances of kriging, stochastic simulations and sequential self-calibration inversion are assessed when characterizing a non-multiGaussian synthetic 2D braided channel aquifer. The comparison is based on a series of criteria such as the reproduction of the original reference transmissivity or head fields, but also in terms of accuracy of flow and transport (capture zone) forecasts when the flow conditions are modified. We observe that the errors remain large even for a dense data network. In addition some unexpected behaviours are observed when large transmissivity datasets are used. In particular, we observe an increase of the bias with the number of transmissivity data and an increasing uncertainty with the number of head data. This is interpreted as a consequence of the use of an inadequate multiGaussian stochastic model that is not able to reproduce the connectivity of the original field.     

Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman

Little is known about the effects of grazing on vegetation composition on the Arabian Peninsula. The aim of this study therefore was to analyse the vegetation response to environmental conditions of open woodlands along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of Oman. The species composition, vegetation structure, grazing damage and several environmental variables were investigated for 62 samples using a nested plot design. Classification analysis and a Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were used to define vegetation types and to identify underlying environmental gradients. The relationship between environmental variables and diversity was analysed using correlation coefficients and a main-effects ANOVA. The plant species richness followed a unimodal distribution along the altitudinal gradient with the highest number of species at the intermediate altitudinal belt. The cluster analysis led to five vegetation groups: The Sideroxylon mascatense–Dodonaea viscosa group on grazed and the Olea europaea–Fingerhuthia africana group on ungrazed plateau sites at 2000 m a.s.l., the Ziziphus spina-christi–Nerium oleander group at wadi sites and the Moringa peregrina–Pteropyrum scoparium group at 1200 m a.s.l, and the Acacia gerrardii–Leucas inflata group at 1700 m a.s.l. The CVA indicated a clear distinction of the groups obtained by the agglomerative cluster analysis. The landform, altitude and grazing intensity were found to be the most important variables distinguishing between clusters. Overgrazing of the studied rangeland is an increasing environmental problem, whereas the plant composition at ungrazed sites pointed to a relatively fast and high regeneration potential of the local vegetation.     

The use of secondary information in geostatistical target area identification

The identification and characterization of target areas at former bombing ranges is the first step in investigating these sites for residual unexploded ordnance. Traditionally, magnetometer surveys along transects are used in identifying areas with high densities of magnetic anomalies, which are likely former target areas. Combining magnetometer survey data with other data sources may reduce the level of survey data required for site characterization, increasing characterization efficiency. Here, several techniques for incorporating secondary information into kriging estimates of magnetic anomaly density are investigated for a former bombing range located near Pueblo, Colorado. In particular, kriging with external drift, collocated ordinary cokriging, and simple kriging with local means (SKLM) are used to incorporate information from a secondary variable. The secondary variable consists of a grid of crater density values derived from a topographic light detection and ranging (LIDAR) analysis. The craters, which are clearly identifiable in the LIDAR data, were generated through munitions use at the site and are therefore related to the target locations. The results from this study indicate that the inclusion of the secondary information in the kriging estimates does benefit target area characterization and provides a means of elucidating target area details from only limited magnetometer transect data. For the Pueblo site, the use of SKLM with the crater density as a secondary variable and only limited magnetometer transect data, provided results comparable to those obtained from using much larger magnetometer transect data sets.     

克里金参数估值法及其在参数估计分析中的应用

为考虑岩土介质参数的空间分布的结构性和随机性等不确定因素,引入了克里金参数估值法。采用变异函数描述参数在空间结构上的变化,建立其空间变异规律的数学模型,从而实现对岩土参数的估值。通过实例分析揭示了克里金估值法具有反映“过滤效应”和“集团效应”的优点,对不同位置的数据赋予不同的权重系数,能够有效地反映参数空间变异结构,有利于对参数的合理化分析