Comparisons of the temperature and humidity profiles of reanalysis products with shipboard GPS sounding measurements obtained during the 2018 Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise

本研究利用2018年春季东印度洋科学考察航次采集的GPS探空数据集,分析了三套再分析资料(JRA-55、MERR2和FGOALS-f2)对赤道东印度洋对流层中低层大气温湿廓线的模拟能力。结果表明:JRA-55和MERRA2能合理地再现850-600hPa之间的温度廓线的特征,最大偏差小于0.5度,但在850hPa以下的偏差增大,最底层的偏差分别达到了2和1.5度;两套再分析资料对850-600hPa之间的湿度扩线也具备较好的再现能力,但在850hPa以下JRA55和MERRA2再分析资料高估了相对湿度,最大湿度偏差可达15%。相对而言,FGOALS-f2分析资料对温度廓线再现能力最好,边界层内的温度偏差明显小于其它两套再分析资料;但FGOALS-f2也存在整层偏湿的问题,最大偏差在600hPa附近,误差接近20%。     

Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) forecasting using time series data: A fuzzy-entropy-neuro based expert system

This study presents a model to forecast the Indian summer monsoon rainfall(ISMR)(June-September)based on monthly and seasonal time scales. The ISMR time series data sets are classified into two parts for modeling purposes, viz.,(1) training data set(1871-1960), and(2) testing data set(1961-2014).Statistical analyzes reflect the dynamic nature of the ISMR, which couldn't be predicted efficiently by statistical and mathematical based models. Therefore, this study suggests the usage of three techniques,viz., fuzzy set, entropy and artificial neural network(ANN). Based on these techniques, a novel ISMR time series forecasting model is designed to deal with the dynamic nature of the ISMR. This model is verified and validated with training and testing data sets. Various statistical analyzes and comparison studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.     

Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS)-6 Glacial Advances on the Tibetan Plateau More Extensive than during MIS-2 due to More Abundant Precipitation

Numerous studies dated glacial deposits within the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. While most focus on young deposits, i.e., younger than the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM or Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS)-2, ~20 ka), older moraines such as those from MIS-6 (~130–191 ka) are much harder to date and interpret due to the less well-preserved nature of their surfaces and boulders, as well as their scattered and continuous age distribution due to long-lived erosion since deposition. Here, we dated with 10Be, two imbricated moraines near Yadong in southern Tibet, as MIS-2 and 6, showing that the most extensive, smooth surfaces were abandoned during MIS-6. Compiling published data from 54 MIS-6 moraines on the Tibetan Plateau reveals that they exist in most regions, dry or humid. They are particularly well-preserved (sharp crests) in eastern and northern Tibet, while in southern and central Tibet, their crests are rounded to sub-rounded. Because both MIS-2 and 6 were equally cold, and because MIS-6 moraines are much more extensive than those from the LGM, we conclude that MIS-6 glacial advances were controlled by more abundant precipitation than during MIS-2. This would be consistent with the peak in Asian monsoon during MIS-6, revealed by sediments from the South China Sea.     

基于生物硅记录的孟加拉湾东南部末次冰期以来的古生产力变化

基于生物硅含量变化,结合碳酸钙和硅质生物放射虫数据,本文揭示了孟加拉湾东南部末次冰期以来的生产力演变规律及其气候响应。研究区域的古生产力演化大致分为3个阶段,即生产力相对低的末次冰期(56~18 ka)、生产力呈阶段性增加的末次冰消期(18~10 ka)以及高生产力的全新世。进一步地,研究发现末次冰期沉积物中放射虫物种主要是具有硅化程度较高的矢状环形结构的轭环虫/双篮虫属占据绝对优势(约60%)、少见硅化程度轻的纤细结构,推测末次冰期沉积物中硅质生物壳体受到明显溶解作用影响,尽管如此,末次冰期碳酸钙含量约20%、生物硅含量3.5%~4.4%、放射虫丰度1 000~6 000枚·g^-1,表明孟加拉湾东南部末次冰期以来的生产力一直处于相对较高的水平,营养盐物质丰富、生物量较高。该结论得到放射虫群落结构中罩笼虫目高相对丰度(>50%)的数据支持,其被认为是营养盐丰富的指标。此外,末次冰消期生物硅含量的阶段性波动变化现象,可能是受千年尺度气候事件的调控引起的,即Heinrich1(HS1)和新仙女木(YD)时期生产力增高、生物量增加,推测与陆源有机物质的输入带来丰富的营养物质进入上层水体、南极中层水入侵带来中层水通风增强促进硅质生物生产力的升高有关。     

胶东半岛城镇群空间结构分形研究

城镇体系是复杂的非线性系统,具有自组织性和自相似性。分形理论可以很好的揭示城镇系统的结构现状和演变规律,成为当前城市地理学研究的热点问题。本文用分形模型对胶东半岛城镇体系的等级规模和空间结构进行分析,认为受胶东半岛丘陵地貌的影响,城镇等级规模结构和空间结构都较分散,属于城镇体系发展阶段。并对城镇体系的发展提出了一些方向性的建议。     

Influence of different land-surface processes on Indian summer monsoon circulation

The impact of different land-surface parameterisation schemes for the simulation of monsoon circulation during a normal monsoon year over India has been analysed. For this purpose, three land-surface parameterisation schemes, the NoaH, the Multi-layer soil model and the Pleim-Xiu were tested using the latest version of the regional model (MM5) of the Pennsylvania State University (PSU)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) over the Indian summer monsoon region. With respect to different land-surface parameterisation schemes, latent and sensible heat fluxes and rainfall were estimated over the Indian region. The sensitivity of some monsoon features, such as Somali jet, tropical easterly jet and mean sea level pressure, is discussed. Although some features of the Indian summer monsoon, such as wind and mean sea level pressure, were fairly well-simulated by all three schemes, many differences were seen in the simulation of the typical characteristics of the Indian summer monsoon. It was noticed from the results that the features of the Indian summer monsoon, such as strength of the low-level westerly jet, the cross-equatorial flow and the tropical easterly jet were better simulated by NoaH compared with verification analysis than other land-surface schemes. It was also observed that the distribution of precipitation over India during the peak period of monsoon (July) was better represented with the use of the NoaH scheme than by other schemes.

西藏尼玛盆地古近纪湖相油页岩正构烷烃特征及其古环境与古气候意义

尼玛盆地地处青藏高原中部特殊区域,自新生代以来沉积了大套连续的湖相暗色油页岩,其富含生物分子化石,对重建青藏高原古气候和古环境具有重要意义。本文通过对尼玛盆地古近系牛堡组康嘎勒剖面正构烷烃及相关参数分布特征进行研究,结果显示,剖面油页岩正构烷烃分布从底到顶由单峰前峰型向单峰后峰型过渡,具2个旋回周期;碳优势指数相对稳定,但TAR、ACL、P_aq及nC_≤21/nC_≥25变化较大,表明湖泊沉积有机质由内源为主的低等藻类向高等水生植物和外源陆生高等植物转变,且区域气候环境由温凉湿润向炎热干旱逐步演化。综合分析认为,尼玛盆地在始新世的气候变化在很大程度上是受西风环流和季风系统的共同影响。且西风环流和季风的强度变化与全球气候存在一定的关系。即全球变暖时,西风环流势力减弱,西风环流和残余洋水汽为高原中部提供的有效降水减少,气候相对干旱;而在全球降温时,西风环流和印度季风增强,残余洋水汽的叠加又为高原中部提供了充足的有效降水,气候湿润。     

岗日嘎布玉东曲末次冰消期冰川演化及其10Be暴露测年研究

末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）结束后,全球经历末次冰消期进入全新世,这代表了过去十万年以来最为显著的气候转型事件。末次冰消期的开始在全球范围内近乎同步,但其背后的气候驱动机制仍不明确。中低纬度,如青藏高原及其周边地区的山地冰川对气候变化响应敏感,准确限定LGM结束前后冰川地貌的时代可为上述问题的解决提供可靠的古冰川信息。然而,目前青藏高原仍缺乏足够有针对性的研究。本文选取位于青藏高原东南部的岗日嘎布作为研究区,对该区格泥峰东侧的玉东曲谷口分布的冰碛垄序列进行了详细的地貌调查和宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be暴露测年研究。采自玉东曲谷口附近6道冰碛垄中地貌相对年代较老的4道冰碛垄的14个冰川漂砾¹⁰Be暴露年龄介于（13.3±1.0）~（19.3±1.4） ka。利用累积概率密度和简化卡方等统计分析方法排除异常值后,将这4道冰碛垄中地貌相对年代较年轻两道的形成时代限定为（17.0±0.5） ka和（18.4±1.0） ka,分别对应末次冰消期和LGM后期。与气候记录进行对比后,我们认为这两次冰川波动响应可能受控于印度洋-太平洋暖池海表温度的夏季气温变化。     

西南印度洋中脊多金属硫化物矿产资源评价方法与指标体系

Based on the research of minerogenetic condition, ore-control factors, metallogenic geological environment and geological anomaly of polymetallic sulfide in Indian Ocean, the nine evaluation factors include water depth, structure, earthquake, gravity anomalies, magnetic anomalies, etc. were extracted and standardized. According to hierarchy analysis method, a structural model of four levels was designed. The comparison matrix was established to determinate thefactor weight. A set of perfectEvaluation methodology and indicator system was established. The results showed that the most favorable prospecting areas cover 58.33% of the research area and the more favorable prospecting areas cover 32.41% of the research area. This two areas are mainprospecting targets. This research findings provided a basis for lessening the target area in the future.     

Developing a spectral library of mangrove species of Indian east coast using field spectroscopy

Development of a spectral library is a prerequisite for the higher order classification of satellite data and hyperspectral image analysis to map any ecosystem with rich diversity. In this study, sampling methodology, collection of field and laboratory spectral signatures and post-processing methodologies were investigated for developing an exclusive spectral library of mangrove species using hyperspectral spectroscopic techniques. Canopy level field spectra and leaf level laboratory spectra were collected for 34 species (25 true and 9 associated mangroves) from two different mangrove ecosystems of the Indian east coast. Post-processing steps such as removal of water vapour absorption bands, correction of drifts which occur due to the thermal properties of the instrument during data collection and smoothing of spectra for its further utilisation were applied on collected spectra. The processed spectra were then compiled as spectral library.